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The Green building movement has gained tremendous momentum during the past 3-4
years. The concept of green buildings is not as nascent as we think it is. For example,
our own ancestors worshipped the five elements of nature - Earth as ‘Prithvi, Water as
“Jal’, Agni as ‘Energy’, Air as ‘Vayu’, and Sky as ‘Akash’. Green buildings basically
seek to harness all these natural elements in its design & construction to an optimum
level so as to have an eco-friendly, low energy & low water consumption building and
at the same time providing fresh & healthy environment to its occupants. Threats of
global warming & shrinking natural resources along with rise in power consumption
has led to acceptance of need to construct all
buildings as green buildings.
A green building is one which encompasses the
following important features –
(i) Site selection with full respect to ecology of the area & existing
environment & use of local materials etc.
(ii) Minimum consumption of energy by the building
(iii) Minimum use of fresh water from external sources
(iv) Maximum use of non toxic, recycled & renewable material
(v) Highest indoor air quality without affecting the energy consumption
(vi) Integrated Building Management System for control & monitoring,
measurement & verification
(vii) Innovation in design & construction technique.
Green buildings are given ratings by rating agencies based on their performance on
laid down standard criteria. Some of the popular rating systems are LEED, GRIHA
etc. Incorporating green design requires an integrated effort on the part of all the team
members the architect, builder, civil & horticulture engineers, consultants and the
vendors. Achieving the targeted final rating becomes easier when every member is
committed to the green design principles. As regards the cost impact in the design of a
green building, the cost could be slightly higher than a conventional building.
However green buildings, on account of their design features, consume less energy
and less water vis-à-vis a conventional building. Thus this extra cost gets paid back in
3-5 years time.
India, being a fast developing country, is witnessing tremendous growth in
construction thus putting pressure on both energy & water resources. Therefore it is
imperative to adopt green construction to minimize impact on the environment and
natural resources. Today a variety of green building projects are coming up in the
country – residential complexes, hospitals, educational institutions, IT parks, airports,
government buildings and offices etc.
The benefits
On a broader scale, design & construction of green buildings will benefit the
community at large with the improvement in environment by reducing GHG
(greenhouse gas) emissions, improving energy security, and reducing the stress on
natural resources.
Green concepts and techniques in the residential sector can help address national
issues like handling of consumer waste, water efficiency, reduction in fossil fuel use
in commuting, energy efficiency and conserving natural resources. Most importantly,
these concepts can enhance occupant health, happiness and wellbeing.
Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the society as a
whole are as follows :
• Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels
• Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats, and biodiversity, and reduced
soil loss from erosion, etc.
• Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits)
• Reduced water consumption
• Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse
• Reduced pollution loads
• Increased user productivity
• Enhanced image and marketability
Works Manual Provisions
CPWD has also decided that henceforth all CPWD constructions shall be Green. A
Chapter titled Green Building Norms has been introduced giving the approved
guidelines regarding Green Buildings in CPWD Works Manual.
Obtaining certificate from rating agencies for the building being certified as Green
involves third party inspections / reviews / registration etc. and will involve both cost
and time. The preliminary estimate should include extra provisions, if any to cover the
probable cost on certification both internal and by third party if it is decided to obtain
the green rating certificate.
For internal certification, CPWD has adopted GRIHA rating system of TERI. The
responsibility of internal certification indicating whether the specific criterion that
falls under their respective domain has been achieved or not lie with Senior Architect
for Architecture related criterion; Superintending Engineer © for Civil Engineering
related criterion; Superintending Engineer (E) for Electrical Engineering related
criterion and Director (Horticulture) / Superintending Engineer © for Horticulture
related criterion. The overall internal green certification for the project shall be done
by the authority who finalizes and submits the preliminary estimate of the project.
The authority who finalised the preliminary estimate of the project shall develop
appropriate methodology of construction as well as planning of the project and shall
be responsible to include them in contract documents under a new chapter which may
be named as "Particular Specifications/Methodologies for Green Building".
The internal green building certification shall be expressed in following manner on
following documents for the purpose of maintaining the same on permanent basis –
S.No. Satisfied by Standard Document where satisfaction is to be
certified
1 Senior Architect Preliminary Drawings / Working Drawings issued for
the project. A Green Parameter Table shall be provided
over the Title Block where all criteria pertaining to
Architecture should be listed and satisfaction should be
indicated. Reasons for dissatisfaction should be
explicitly mentioned wherever the criteria are not
satisfied.
2 Director (H) / Completion Certificate if the same falls under his own
SE (C/E) competency. If the Completion Certificate falls under
as the case may be the competency of the authority other than Director (H)/
SE (C/E), the said authority should obtain it from
Director (H) / SE (C/E) before recording the
Completion Certificate and mention the same in the
Completion Certificate.
A Green Parameter Table shall be provided in the
Completion Certificate where all criteria pertaining to
Civil / Electrical / Horticulture should be listed and
satisfaction should be indicated. Reasons for
dissatisfaction should be explicitly mentioned wherever
a criterion is not satisfied.
A copy of the Green Parameter Table of the respective components of the project
shall be sent to the preliminary estimate framing authority within fifteen days of its
incorporation in standard works document i.e. preliminary / working drawings in
respect of Architectural criterion and Completion Certificate in respect of Civil /
Electrical / Horticultural criterion for compilation of all components and to issue a
final certification to the client for his record. Whenever a project is executed in packages, the internal rating shall be for (1) each package separately, and (2) project
as a whole.
EE (C/E) shall facilitate the rating agencies both internal and external (where it is
decided to have Green Rating and certification from third party agencies) by
providing documentary evidences as may be required in support thereof. No
document shall be shared with the external rating agencies directly. Communication
from the external rating agencies in respect of satisfaction / dissatisfaction of the
criterion assessed by them should be indicated in Green Parameter Table in the
Column “Remarks indicating reasons for dissatisfaction if points earned are lesser
than maximum points” of the Table as per form attached.
GRIHA Rating System
GRIHA (an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) Rating
System, a tool developed by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) evaluates the
environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby
providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green building’. The rating
system is based on accepted energy and environmental principles, and seek to strike a
balance between the established practices and emerging concepts, both national and
international
The basic features
GRIHA rating system has been developed to help ‘design and evaluate’ new buildings
(buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed based on its
predicted performance over its entire life cycle – inception through operation. The
stages of the life cycle that have been identified for evaluation are the preconstruction,
building design and construction, and building operation and maintenance stages. The
issues that get addressed in these stages are as follows –
• Pre-construction stage (intra- and inter-site issues)
• Building planning and construction stages (issues of resource conservation and
reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource
recovery and reuse, and provisions for occupant health and well being). The
prime resources that are considered in this section are land, water, energy, air,
and green cover.
• Building operation and maintenance stage (issues of operation and
maintenance of building systems and processes, monitoring and recording of
consumption, and occupant health and well being, and also issues that affect
the global and local environment).
Scoring points for GRIHA
GRIHA is a guiding and performance-oriented system where points are earned for
meeting the design and performance intent of the criteria. Each criterion has a number
of points assigned to it. It means that a project intending to meet the criterion would
qualify for the points. Compliances, as specified in the relevant criterion, have to be
submitted in the prescribed format. The points related to these criteria (specified
under the relevant sections) are awarded provisionally while certifying and are
converted to firm points through monitoring, validation, and documents/photographs
to support the award of point.
GRIHA has a 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory
to be met while the rest are optional points, which can be earned by complying with
the commitment of the criterion for which the point is allocated. The innovation
points are available over and above the 100 point system. This means that a project
can hypothetically apply for a maximum of 104 points. But the final scoring shall be
done out of 100 points. Different levels of certification (one star to five star) are
awarded based on the number of points earned. The minimum points required for
certification is 50. Buildings scoring 50 to 60 points, 61 to 70 points, 71 to 80 points,
and 81 to 90 points shall get one star, ‘two stars’, ‘three stars’ and ‘four stars’
respectively. A building scoring 91 to 100 points will get the maximum rating viz.
five stars.
Road Map to achieve GRIHA 3-Star or 4 Star rating for new buildings
A list of various actions is suggested below as a possible strategy to achieve a
minimum of 3 star rating. Suggestions in brackets followed by a * shall enhance the
score further and enable a 4 star rating. The set of actions suggested are however only
a pointer in the direction of achieving a high star rating but not as a comprehensive
and exhaustive checklist for achieving a high rating.
Site Planning
• Select appropriate site as per GRIHA guidelines
• Ensure sedimentation /erosion control/save trees (If they exist) / plant more
trees by appropriate planning of the construction work.
• Design the building as per site conditions
• Control Air pollution at all stages of construction
• Ensure safety and health of construction workers
• Control hard paving/run off/manage utilities efficiently
• Use energy efficient outdoor lighting (use Renewable Energy e.g. Solar based
lighting)*
• Use native trees and shrubs for landscaping to reduce landscape water demand
over GRIHA benchmark by 40% (reduce by 50%)*
Energy/ Water/ Waste
• Reduce 25% water demand over GRIHA benchmarks (developed based on
National Building Code) (by 50%)*
• Save water in construction
• Comply with the mandatory requirements within the ECBC (Energy
Conservation Building Code)
• Meet prescriptive shading norms of ECBC, provide daylight, avoid over
design of artificial lighting
• Reduce energy performance index over GRIHA benchmark by 10% (by
30%)*
• Provide 1% equivalent connected load of lighting and HVAC through
Renewable Energy power (meet 10% lighting consumption through
Renewable Energy e.g. Solar based power)*
• Use fly ash based products in minimum two of the following three areas:
(structure/ walling / finishing)
• Recycle wastewater and reuse 25% of treated wastewater (IF wastewater
quantity is higher than 10kLday)
• Segregate and store waste appropriately
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Indoor environmental quality
• Minimize the usage of Ozone depleting products in the building structure and
systems.
• Use low VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) paints
• Ensure compliance of water quality with relevant BIS standards
• Restrict Smoking in the building
• Provide Universal accessibility
Typical Energy Saving Approach in Buildings:
Orientation:
This is the first step to achieve energy efficiency, following measures can be adopted:
• Minimize exposure on the south and west
• Use simulation tools and techniques which can help in designing the
orientation to minimize heat ingress and enhance energy efficiency
Building Envelope
• Select high performance glazing with low U-value, low Shading Coefficient
and high VLT (Visual Light Transmittance).
• Insulate the wall. The options for insulation materials can be – Extruded
polystyrene, Expanded polystyrene (thermocol), Glass wool etc.,
• Brick wall with air cavity can also significantly reduce the heat ingress.
• Hollow blocks, Fly ash bricks and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
Blocks are also good insulators.
• The heat ingress through the roof can be as high as 12-15%. Insulating the
roof can substantially reduce the heat ingress.
• Consider shading devices for window openings.
Equipment & systems
• Select chillers with high Coefficient of Performance (CoP).
• Install Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) for supply & return air fans and
pumps.
• Select high efficiency cooling towers.
• Use high efficiency motors, transformers and pumps.
• Install Heat recovery wheels and economizers
• Consider night purging with ambient air to flush out the heat trapped within
the building during the day
• Adopt Controls & Building Management Systems for effective control
• Engage a Commissioning Authority to ensure that savings are realized once
the building becomes operational
Lighting:
• Design in such a way that the building gets maximum day lighting.
• Overall lighting power density can be designed as less as 1.0 W/sq.ft.
• Use daylight-cum-dimmer controls
• Install occupancy sensors
• Select energy efficient luminaires like CFL, T-5, LED, etc.,
Some of the Green features incorporated in a ‘Platinum’ rated (LEED rating)
residential project are –
Energy Saving Features:
• The building envelope is insulated with the use of fly ash blocks for walls,
under deck roof insulation and double glazed low-E glass with low ‘U’ and
‘SHGC’ values for all air conditioned areas
• High efficiency HVAC equipment with heat recovery wheel has been
provided
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Star rated lamps and motion sensors for
lighting have also been provided
• 3.84 kWp Hybrid Solar PV system which generates 10 kWh / day and Solar
Water Heater of 300 LPD (Litres Per Day) capacity has been installed
Day Lighting:
• Sufficient windows and skylight areas have been provided to achieve the
daylight factor of 2% for 80% of the regularly occupied spaces
• Light pipes have been used to achieve daylight in the basement areas
Water Saving Features:
• A sewage treatment plant of 5,000 liters/day capacity to treat all grey water
generated within the site has been provided. The treated grey water is reused
for flushing and landscaping
• Low flow water fixtures (showers, faucets and flush systems) have been
provided
Materials:
• Bamboo, which is a rapidly renewable material has been extensively used in
the flooring
• Wood salvaged from old buildings has been used for doors and windows