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Abstract: - It has been estimated by GSMA (GSM Association) and Machina Research (World’s leading advisor on M2M, Internet of Things and Big Data) that there may be 24 billion connected devices globally by 2020. Ericsson has projected this to be 50 billion. Such projections entice the industry to explore and tap a wide range of oppurtunities that the M2M (Machine to Machine) communication concept offers, enabling novel business cases, enhanced workflow, efficiency and improved quality of life. To understand the concept, brief of IOT (Internet of things), M2M basic architecture & applications in different verticals, Global / Indian scenario has been described. Prominent telecommunications standards bodies such as 3GPP, ETSI, OneM2M and other SDOs are largely involved in providing recommendations and standards in the context of M2M. OneM2M is expected to release first set of workable standards in July 2014. [8]
1. Internet of things (IOT)
Communication between computers started with the Electronic Data Interchange that made direct communication possible between two PCs. All the computers connected to the Internet can talk to each other. Use of mobile phones for connecting internet has revolutionized the entire scenario. With Internet of Things the communication is extended via Internet among all the things that surround us.
At the first look, it may appear that Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications and IoT denote the same thing. In reality, M2M is only a subset of IoT. IoT is a more encompassing phenomenon because it also includes Human-to-Machine communication (H2M). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Location-Based Services (LBS), Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC), sensors, Augmented Reality (AR), robotics and vehicle telematics, which are some of the technology innovations that employ both M2M and H2M communications. Their common feature is to combine embedded sensory objects with communication intelligence and transporting data over a mix of wired and wireless networks. A typical view of IOT is given in figure-1*.
1.1. The data so generated acts as vital input for intelligence for planning, management, policy, and decision making. Some of the important properties of Internet of Things are as follows:-
• A Unique Internet Address by which each connected physical object and device will be identified, and therefore be able to communicate with one another.
• A Unique Location—can be fixed or mobile—within a network or system (for example, a smart electricity grid) that makes sense of the function and purpose of the object in its specified environment, generating intelligence to enable autonomous actions in line with that purpose.
• An Increase in Machine-Generated and Machine-Processed Information that will surpass human-processed information, potentially linking in with other systems to create what some have called "the nervous system of the planet."
• Complex New Capabilities in Security, Analytics, and Management, achievable through more powerful software and processing devices, that enable a network of connected devices and systems to cluster and interoperate transparently in a "network of networks."
• Time and Location Achieve New Levels of Importance in information processing as Internet-connected objects work to generate ambient intelligence; for example, on the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) efficiency of a building, or to study soil samples and climatic change in relation to crop growth.
1.2.The enabling technologies for Internet of Things are sensor networks, RFID, M2M, mobile Internet, wired & wireless communication network, semantic data integration, semantic search, IPV4 / IPv6, etc. In wireless communication Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LOPAN, Bluetooth technology may be used for short range connectivity of devices / devices to the gateway and GSM 2G/ 3G/ 4G or WiMax for connecting M2M gateway to server.
1.3. IPV4 addresses are going to exhaust. Standarisation and adoption of IPV6 in telecom and ICT organisations will provide an opportunity of having billions of devices which can be IP enabled and seamlessly addressable through mobile or wired broadband connections.
1.4. Application areas of IOT: - Potential applications of the IoT are numerous and diverse, permeating intopractically all areas of every-day life of individuals, enterprises, and society as a whole. The 2010 Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) has identified and described the main Internet of Things applications, which span numerous application domains such as smart energy, smart health, smart buildings, smart transport, smart living and smart cities.
1.5. Smart Energy Grid / Internet of Energy: - Concept of Internet of Energy requires web based architectures to readily guarantee information delivery on demand and to change the traditional power system into a networked Smart Grid that is largely automated, by applying greater intelligence to operate, enforce policies, monitor and self-heal when necessary. This requires the integration and interfacing of the power grid to the network of data represented by the Internet, embracing energy generation, transmission, delivery, substations, distribution control, metering and billing, diagnostics, and information systems to work seamlessly and consistently.
This concept would enable the ability to produce, store and efficiently use energy, while balancing the supply/demand by using a cognitive Internet of Energy that harmonizes the energy grid by processing the data, information and knowledge via the Internet. Internet of
Energy will leverage on the information highway provided by the Internet to link computers, devices and services with the distributed smart energy grid that is the freight highway for renewable energy resources allowing stake holders to invest in green technologies and sell excess energy back to the utility.
1.7. RFID and wireless sensor network, being important components of IOT are being described below:-
1.7.1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):- RFID technology is a major breakthrough in the embedded communication paradigm which enables design of microchips
for wireless data communication. They help in automatic identification of anything they are attached to acting as an electronic barcode. The passive RFID tags are not battery powered and they use the power of the reader‘s interrogation signal to communicate the ID to the RFID reader. This has resulted in many applications particularly in retail and supply chain
management. The applications can be found in transportation (replacement of tickets,
registration stickers) and access control applications as well. The passive tags are currently being used in many bank cards and road toll tags which is among the first global deployments. Active RFID readers have their own battery supply and can initiate the communication. Of the several applications, the main application of active RFID tags is in port containers for monitoring cargo.
1.7.2. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN):- Recent technological advances in low power integrated circuits and wireless communications have made available efficient, low cost, low power miniature devices for use in remote sensing applications. The combination of these factors has improved the viability of utilizing a sensor network consisting of a large number of intelligent sensors, enabling the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of valuable information, gathered in a variety of environments. Active RFID is nearly the same as the lower end WSN nodes with limited processing capability and storage. The scientific challenges that must be overcome in order to realize the enormous potential of WSNs are substantial and multidisciplinary in nature. Sensor data are shared among sensor nodes and sent to a distributed or centralized system for analytics. The components that make up the WSN monitoring network include:
a) WSN hardware - Typically a node (WSN core hardware) contains sensor interfaces, processing units, transceiver units and power supply. Almost always, they comprise of
multiple A/D converters for sensor interfacing and more modern sensor nodes have the
ability to communicate using one frequency band making them more versatile.
b) WSN communication stack - The nodes are expected to be deployed in an ad-hoc manner for most applications. Designing an appropriate topology, routing and MAC layer is critical for scalability and longevity of the deployed network. Nodes in a WSN need to communicate among themselves to transmit data in single or multi-hop to a gateway / base station. Node drop outs, and consequent degraded network lifetimes, are frequent. The communication stack at the sink node should be able to interact with the outside world through the Internet to act as a gateway to the WSN subnet and the Internet.
2.1. M2M network :-In the past, the high cost of deploying M2M technology made it the exclusive domain of large organizations that could afford to build and maintain their own dedicated data networks. Today, the widespread adoption of cellular technology has made wireless M2M technology available to manufacturers all over the world. As shown below in figure-3*, wireless M2M applications include connectivity-enabled devices that use a cellular data link to communicate with the computer server. A database to store collected data and a software application that allows the data to be analyzed, reported, and acted upon are also key components of a successful end-to-end solution.
Capillary Network: - The sensors, communication and processing units act as endpoints of M2M applications and together constitute the capillary network. The devices will interconnect amongst themselves over various PAN and LAN technologies in both Wireless and Wireline domain. Their primary components are sensors, processors, and radio transceivers. The primary WPAN technology enablers in this space are ZigBee and Bluetooth. The sensors also known as smart nodes form Bluetooth piconets or ZigBee networks used for coordination and transmission of the collected data to the Gateway.
M2M Gateways:-The Gateway module provides control and localization services for data collection. The gateways also double up in concentrating traffic to the operator’s core.It supports Bluetooth, Zig Bee, GPRS capabilities. It supports wireless communication standards like GSM/GPRS, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth/IEEE 802.15.1 (supports communication links between devices on short distances) and ZigBee /IEEE 802.15.4 (used for low speed data transfer between low-power consumer devices).
M2M communication network serves as infrastructure for realising communication between
M2M gateway and M2M end userv application or server. For this cellular network (GSM
/CDMA), Wire line network and communication satellites may be used. Satellite communication being costlier may be used in remote locations. Cellular network being cheaper and having wide coverage is being used world wide for M2M deployment.
Finally when the data reach the M2M application center, it can be analyzed, reported or acted upon by the user or the process depending upon the specific system design.
5. Service provider challenges
1. A complex and fragmented value chain:-The Internet of Things value chain is expected to be complex and fragmented into various niche applications, devices, modules, vertical markets and services. It will include product, system and content providers and solution integrators. Because no single company can provide all components of a complete solution, it is not clear who will play what role. Partnership can help.
2. Network requirements :-Network challenges result from increasing network traffic, caused by an extremely high number of short messages (SMS) with high
signaling overhead:
3. Availability:-Connectivity will be required in locations not yet considered in current networks.
4. Reliability:-If networks are critical parts of the business, they must be as reliable as any other critical equipment.
5. Scalability:-Service providers must manage the significant additional traffic load of
the Internet of Things and ensure that each application’s (voice, video, data, IoT)
communication requirements and service level agreements are met.
6. Flexibility:-With the varied needs of different applications, enterprises will demand flexible pricing schemes that match their network utilization needs.
7. Security:-Lack of security could derail Internet of Things applications. Devices provide access to a network with applications and data; all of them including the
communication have to be secured.
8. Response time: Service providers need the ability to define flexible priorities for services with different response times, ranging from real-time responses to
uncritical long delays.
6. Machine to Machine Applications (M2M) for rural areas in India: - M2M will ensure optimal utilization of limited resources such as energy and water for agriculture, using remotely controlled applications through smart phones by the rural masses. Several mobile applications that aid automation, surveillance, remote monitoring and data gathering may also be used in rural areas for better agriculture production and improving the quality of life.
Various types of M2M applications such as e-health, vehicle tracking, security, surveillance, e-education, food supply chain management system (FSCM) may be implemented in rural areas. Agriculture related M2M services such as remote controlled water pump solution, water level monitoring, data gathering for milk & agro cooperatives, fisheries, poultry & soil analysis may also be extended in near future.
E-Health can be used for offspring care (Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animalfarms to ensure its survival and health). M2M application will make it easier for locating and identifying of animals grazing in openpastures or location in big stables.
Poor telecom services in rural India may be a bottleneck in fast provisioning of M2M services in the rural areas and giving benefits to rural masses. As per TRAI report of June 2013, urban India has reached a teledensity of 146%, whereas rural India stands only at 42%. There are approx. 144 million subscribers accessing internet through wireless phones. Out of this approx. 10 % to 15% subscribers may be from rural areas. A study paper on
”Telecommunications / ICT in rural and remote areas of India” has already been prepared
which provides detail of Govt. of India initiative for providing OFC backbone in NOFN
project, costing Rs. 20000/- Cr. (US $3.3 Billion). Project is likely to be completed by 2017.
7. Challenges: - M2M has been developing differently in each region of world such as USA, Europe, China and South Pacific. As globally acceptable standards are not available, services are being provided on proprietary standards. Piecing together an end-to-end network is a huge effort.
8. Standardization efforts in the M2M domain:-
The industry has become more active in the standardization process in the M2M domain because of the market demands. Although, M2M is mostly related to the application level (i.e. an area typically outside the scope of the standard bodies) some wireless access standard groups (e.g. IEEE, 3GPP and ETSI) are looking into the impacts to the existing network due to potentially heavy use of M2M devices.
8.1. Standards of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute:-
The ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies, including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and Internet technologies. A new ETSI Technical Committee is developing standards for M2M Communications. This group aims to provide an end-to-end view of M2M standardization cooperating with ETSI's activities on Next Generation Networks and 3GPP standards initiative for mobile communication technologies.
In the M2M domain, ETSI standards mostly consider different use cases (i.e. TR 102 691, TR 102 732, TR 102 857, TR 102 897, TR 102 898). Nevertheless, some efforts have been also put in defining M2M concepts (i.e. TR 102 725), as well as in standardizing M2M service requirements (i.e. TS 102 689) and functional architecture (i.e. TS 102 690).
Data security is being pushed at the top of the priority list for M2M configurations. Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) such as the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) are focusing on M2M security standards.
8.2. GSC M2M Standardization Task Force:-
Within Global Standards Collaboration (GSC), the world’s leading telecommunications and
radio standards organizations meet to promote innovation and collaboration on a broad spectrum of standards topics. Some hundred participants from Participating Standards
Organizations (PSO) and the Geneva-headquartered International Telecommunication Union
(ITU, a specialized agency of the United Nations) attend, along with observers from additional groups.
Current Global Standards Collaboration Participating Standard Organizations, in addition to
the ITU:
Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) Japan
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) USA China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) China European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Europe
Information and Communications Technology Standards Advisory Council of Canada
(ISACC) Canada
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) USA Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) Korea
Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) Japan
Revised M2M Resolution creating the GSC MSTF: GSC-16/30