29-03-2011, 11:29 AM
Presented By
NANDAN.V.
PPT.ppt (Size: 1.54 MB / Downloads: 83)
MONITORING SEISMIC VARIATIONS USING MOBILE
INTRODUCTION
Seismic variations
► Variations occurring in earths surface, Core & in atmosphere…
► Seismic variations causes earthquakes, volcanoes & other natural calamities (Tsunami, Floods, etc)
► They destruct the life of human beings & other living organisms
► It affects the economy of the country
How to overcome by these problems?
► Avoiding Earthquakes and Volcanoes is not possible, but to certain extent we can reduce these losses
► Use of geostationary satellites (LUNAR A) & Computer networking concepts during these type of emergencies
► Japan & Indonesian countries started using these technologies
Solution to overcome the problem
► Special Geostationary Satellites continuously monitor the earth variations( P & S waves)
► They send continuous signals to the base stations
► P & S Waves
► They form the epicenter using Piezoelectric materials
► They also send the exact positions of earthquakes & volcanoes
► Working of Base Station
Delay & Loss Simulator
Buffer
Scheduler
Calculation Components
Analytical Module
Trace Module
Ad Hoc Networking
Ad Hoc Network characteristics
► Every Base station maintains the address of the Foreign Agents in that area
► Message will be transferred to FA when threat occurs
► Ad Hoc Network will be created & message will be broadcasted to every node in the network
Foreign Agent Discovery
► Mobile broadcasts RREQ for FA
Dest IP address = 224.0.0.11 (“All Mobility Agents”
multicast group address)
RREP sent by FA or mobile with route to FA
Foreign Agent extension used to indicate FA IP address
Agent Solicitation unicast to FA from mobile node
Agent Advertisement unicast to mobile node
► Registration with the Foreign Agent
Registration Request
Registration Reply
Ad Hoc Networking Protocol initial goals
• Quick convergence
• To enable faster mobility
• Scalability
• To enable larger networks (100? 1000? 10,000? 100,000?)
• Loop-freedom
• Broadcast
Various Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
Table driven routing
DSDV (destination sequenced distance vector)
CGSR (Cluster head Gateway Switch Routing)
WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol)
On demand routing
DSR (dynamic source routing)
AODV (ad-hoc on-demand distance vector)
TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)
Disadvantages of Table driven protocols
► Each node has to maintain complete list of Routing table information's
► These protocols requires more resources
► Overhead is more in the nodes
► They suffer from looping problems
► DSDV is based on RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
Overview of AODV
► Reactive routing protocol
• Route discovery cycle for route finding
• Maintenance of active routes
• Loop freedom achieved through sequence numbers
• No overhead or data packets
• Scalability shown to 10,000 nodes
• performance suffers
• Works with subnets
• subnet leader maintains sequence #
PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
► Communications Layer
► enabling mobile devices to communicate with other devices in their vicinity
► Encompasses four layers of the standard 7-layer (OSI)
► Location Management Layer
► provide location information to a mobile device.
► used by upper layers to filter location-sensitive information and obtain location-specific answers to queries,
Transaction Management Layer
This sub-layer deals with the managing transactions initiated by devices in mobile ad-hoc networks.
A device must be able to commit its updates at the appropriate data manager (FA) that can be located in the wired network
Additionally, when data is modified at the primary side, all mobile devices should receive corresponding updates for their replicas.
► Security and Privacy Plane
Lack of any notion of security on the transmission medium
Lack of guaranteed integrity of data stored on mobile devices in the environment,
The real possibility of theft of a user’s mobile device.
APPLICATION AREAS
► Emergency services
► Ambulance
► Enable computing where subnets do not exist
► Battlefield Communications
► Movable base stations
CONCLUSION
► Existing research centers at selected places in the country / world should pin point the epicenter in advance
► The period of occurrence is varying from 3 to 130 hours after prediction. So no one can sit idle with panic and wait for such a long time. To overcome this, we may obtain and utilise suitable data collection from Satellite / GPS etc.
► Ad Hoc Networking is well-established as a viable research area
► Infrastructure less operation has many applications
Next Ad Hoc Networking Protocol goals
► Security
► QoS
► Autoconfiguration
► More Scalability
► Unidirectional links
► Smooth Handovers
► Internet Gateway operation
► Service Discovery