06-08-2013, 03:55 PM
2G-5G Networks: Evolution of Technologies, Standards, and Deployment
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ABSTRACT
This article presents an overview of the evolution of technologies, standards, and deployment from second to fifth generation mobile networks with emphasis on current and future trends in the areas of wireless networking, multimedia technology, network architecture, and network services. Related research in the development of future mobile systems has been highlighted. Issues of system integration, global roaming capabilities, handoff, high speed multimedia support, ad-hoc networking, quality of service, and physical layer problems has been addressed. In addition, global developments in multimedia network services and terminals have been discussed.
INTRODUCTION
The fourth and fifth generation wireless mobile systems, commonly known as 4G and 5G, are expected to provide global roaming across different types of wireless and mobile networks, for instance from satellite to mobile networks and to Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). 4G is an all IP-based mobile network using different radio access technologies providing seamless roaming and providing connection via always the best available network [1]. The vision of 4G wireless/mobile systems is the provision of broadband access, seamless global roaming, and Internet/data/voice everywhere, utilizing for each the most "appropriate" always best connected technology [2]. These systems are about integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands ([3], [4]). 4G systems are expected to offer a speed of over 100 Mbps in stationary mode and an average of 20 Mbps for mobile stations reducing the download time of graphics and multimedia components by more than ten times compared to currently available 2 Mbps on 3G systems.
2G-5GNETWORKS: EVOLUTION
The first generation of mobile phones was analog systems that emerged in the early 1980s [5]. The second generation of digital mobile phones appeared in 1990s along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth in terms of both subscribers and value-added services. Second generation networks allow limited data support in the range of 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps. Traditional phone networks are used mainly for voice transmission, and are essentially circuit-switched networks.
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity since packet switching utilizes bandwidth much more efficiently. In this system, each user’s packets compete for
available bandwidth, and users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.
Network Architecture
The basic architecture of wireless mobile system consists of a mobile phone connected to the wired world via a single hop wireless connection to a Base Station (BS), which is responsible for carrying the calls within its region called cell (Figure 1). Due to limited coverage provided by a BS, the mobile hosts change their connecting base stations as they move from one cell to another. A hand-off (later referred to as “horizontal handoff” in this article) occurs when a mobile system changes its BS. The mobile station communicates via the BS using one of the wireless frequency sharing technologies such as FDMA, TDMA, CDMA etc. Each BS is connected to a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) through fixed links.
Standards
The role of standards is to facilitate interconnections between different types of telecommunication networks, provide interoperability over network and terminal interfaces, and enable free movement and trade of equipment. There are standard bodies in different countries that develop telecommunications standards based upon the government regulations, business trends and public demands. In addition, international standard organizations provide global standardizations. In telecommunications area, International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and International Standards Organization (ISO) have been recognized as major international standards developer. Many popular telecommunications and networking standards are given by other international organizations such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF). Among other organizations, the most well known are Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in US, European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), China Wireless Telecommunications Standards Group (CWTS), Japan’s Association of Radio Industries and Businesses(ARIB) and Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC), and Korea’s Telecommunication Technology Association (TTA).
Terminals
A mobile phone system is used as a basic terminal for communication. Also called a wireless phone, handset, cellular mobile or cell phone, is a mobile communications system that uses a combination of radio wave transmission and conventional telephone switching to permit telephone communication to and from mobile users within a specified area. A 2.5G/3G terminal may consist of a mobile phone, a computer/laptop, a television, a pager, a videoconferencing center, a newspaper, a diary or even a credit card. Often these terminals may require a compatible 3G card and specialized hardware to provide the desired functionality.
CONCLUSION
The current and future trends in mobile systems is considered that includes the evolutionary path starting from first generation mobile phone systems and is continuing to the development of 5th generation systems. Evolution in network design, architecture, standards, services, and terminals are discussed.