For a modern power system high-speed selective separation of faults in high-voltage transmission lines is critical and this survey indicates efficient and promising implementations for fault detection, classification and fault localization in the protection of the power transmission line. The work done in this area favors computer relays, digital communication technologies and other technical developments, to avoid cascading faults and to provide safer, safer and more reliable energy systems. Efforts have been made to include almost all techniques and philosophies of transmission line protection reported in the literature up to October 2010. The focus of this article is on the most recent techniques, such as artificial neural network, fuzzy logic, blur-neuro, blurred concepts based on the unit of measurement based on logiclavelet and phasor, as well as other conventional methods used in the protection of the transmission line.