18-04-2012, 10:42 AM
RFID BASED SCHOOL/COLLEGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
RFID BASED SCHOOL OR COLLEGE MGT SYSTEM.doc (Size: 622.5 KB / Downloads: 93)
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today as they control many of the common devices we use.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in your car take care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to ignore all these controllers.
Military and aerospace software applications
From in-orbit embedded systems to jumbo jets to vital battlefield networks, designers of mission-critical aerospace and defense systems requiring real-time performance, scalability, and high-availability facilities consistently turn to the LynxOS® RTOS and the Lynx OS-178 RTOS for software certification to DO-178B.
Rich in system resources and networking services, LynxOS provides an off-the-shelf software platform with hard real-time response backed by powerful distributed computing (CORBA), high reliability, software certification, and long-term support options.
MICROCONTROLLERS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded System. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products. An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word processor, print-server, bank teller terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet terminal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a pc can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software into RAM memory and lets the CPU run it.
8051 ARCHITECTURE
The generic 8051 architecture supports a Harvard architecture, which contains two separate buses for both program and data. So, it has two distinctive memory spaces of 64K X 8 size for both programmed and data. It is based on an 8 bit central processing unit with an 8 bit Accumulator and another 8 bit B register as main processing blocks. Other portions of the architecture include few 8 bit and 16 bit registers and 8 bit memory locations.
Indexed Addressing
Only program Memory can be accessed with indexed addressing, and it can only be read. This addressing mode is intended for reading look-up tables in Program Memory A 16-bit base register (either DPTR or the Program Counter) points to the base of the table, and the Accumulator is set up with the table entry number. The address of the table entry in Program Memory is formed by adding the Accumulator data to the base pointer. Another type of indexed addressing is used in the “case jump” instruction. In this case the destination address of a jump instruction is computed as the sum of the base pointer and the Accumulator data.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The CPU is the brain of the microcontrollers reading user’s programs and executing the expected task as per instructions stored there in. Its primary elements are an 8 bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU ) , Accumulator (Acc ) , few more 8 bit registers , B register, Stack Pointer (SP ) , Program Status Word (PSW) and 16 bit registers, Program Counter (PC) and Data Pointer Register (DPTR).
CONCLUSION :
The project “RFID BASED SCHOOL/COLLEGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.” has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.
Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.