30-01-2013, 11:14 AM
To study the importance, usage and preparation of bio-insecticides and pesticides Biology Project to Study Bio-Insecticides And Pesticides
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Introduction
Today the rapid increase in population and demand of food materials has initiated the large use of insecticides and pesticides. These toxic chemical insecticides and pesticides are resulting in harmful effects and biomagnifications due to which our environment is continuously polluting and fertile lands are acquiring infertility. No doubt they are providing hopeful results in eradication of insects, pests and diseases but they are also killing useful organism present in soil due to which the fertility of the soil is rapidly declining. The conventional farming practices which uses chemical methods to kill both useful and harmful life forms indiscriminately, resulting in the malfunctioning of food chain and food web. Bio-control is the best method to cope with the losses done by the chemicals. In these method insects, pests and pathogens are removed using biological methods without harming the environment and other organism. This is based on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals. The use of bio-insecticides and pesticides also comes under this category. Today due to awareness about the harmful effects of the chemical insecticides and pesticides, most of the farmers are diverting towards the organic farming. In our local area many such plants, waste matter etc. are available from which these bio-insecticides and pesticides can be prepared by using natural means only. Conventional pesticides are generally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Being single chemical entity, chemical pesticides have resulted in increased resistance in pests. Bio pesticides also known as Biological Pesticides are pesticides derived from natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Bio pesticides are less toxic and also reduce the pollution problems caused by conventional pesticides. The use of bio-insecticides and bio-pesticides also fall under this category only. Organic agriculture is a unique production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and this is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs. Organic farming generally produces somewhat lower yields but sustains better yields during drought years, allowing it to reap higher yields in some cases. Studies thus far have shown that organic farming requires less water, uses few and always natural pesticides, prevents soil erosion, leaches dramatically fewer nitrates, and has been shown to have improved nutrient qualities including as much as double the flavonoids, an important antioxidant. This project is mainly based on the preparation, usage, effects and advantages of bio-insecticides and bio-pesticides.
Cow Urine Extract
In India, as farming goes hand in hand with cattle rearing, therefore the cow urine is available easily in the rural areas. It has acquired an important place in the hindu religion since ancient times. Any religious ceremony and rituals can’t be performed without cow urine which is commonly known as gomutra. We will here use the cow urine for the control of pests and as a growth promoter for the growing crops.
Preparation and application: - Collect 5 liter of pure and concentrated cow urine and dilute it with 40 liters of water and spray it using the sprayer in one hectare of field at the evening time.
Effects and advantages:
Due to high content of urea in it which is toxic to most of the organisms, the pests and insects etc. will not attack the leaves and buds of the crop plants. Due to pungent and bad smell of the extract most of the pests and insects which are attracted due to nectar and fragrance get repelled, preventing the plant.
Fermented Curd Water
In many states of rural India milk production is the main occupation associated with the farming also known as dairy management. The dairy products can also prove a major alternative in controlling the insects and pests in farmlands. One of the dairy product known as butter milk or Chaach can be used for this purpose. It is made by the centrifugation of curd in which byproduct ghee (fats) is also obtained. There is much greater demand of butter milk in the summer season and it gets distasteful if it is kept for more than two days. This distasteful butter milk can be used to make the extract.
Preparation and application: -
Take the distasteful butter milk and add equal amount of water in it. Keep it for two days in a semi-shaded place. Now take it and add 40 liter of water in 10 liter of the extract to form 50 liter of the solution. Spray this solution in 1 hectare of field in such a way that all plants get bath in the fogging spray in the early morning time.
Effects and advantages:- The fermented butter milk contains billions of bacteria that suppress the growth of other bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The inhibitors released by these bacteria works against the unwanted pathogens. Moreover, fermented butter milk also contains the useful nutrients for the growth and maturation of the crop plant. Dashparni extract