28-08-2014, 11:13 AM
I hereby declare that the project work entitled ―Installation, Operation and Maintenance in Wireless Broadband in Dreamtel (ApnaTelelink Pvt Ltd) is anauthentic record of my own work carried out at Dreamtel, JALANDHAR as requirements of Industry Internship project for the award of degree ofB.Tech ECE, PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR, under the guidance of Er.Atul Thakur (TL) Rajveer Singh Reehal Roll no:-1186078 Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge and belief. Er. Naveen Dhillon Er.Daler Singh Training & Placement officer ISP Manager (Technical Networks)
SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
on
WIRELESS BROADBAND
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
RAMGARHIA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
PHAGWARA
SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-
Dr.NaveenDhillion Rajveer Singh Reehal (90/ECE/10) HOD ECE U.R No. 1186078
Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work entitled ―Installation, Operation and Maintenance in Wireless Broadband in Dreamtel (ApnaTelelink Pvt Ltd) is anauthentic record of my own work carried out at Dreamtel, JALANDHAR as requirements of Industry Internship project for the award of degree ofB.Tech ECE, PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR, under the guidance of
Er.Atul Thakur (TL)
Rajveer Singh Reehal
Roll no:-1186078
Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.
Er. Naveen Dhillon Er.Daler Singh
Training & Placement officer ISP Manager
(Technical Networks)
DreamTel
Dream Tel is a chief provider of long distance calling services delivering unparalleled value services in the VoIP telecommunication industry and also caters to the needs of Corporate/Business/Residential for extensive VoIP, Internet and Data Solutions. DreamTel has its presence in various countries like Australia, Hong Kong, Africa, United Kingdom and now spreading its wings in India.
Our Purpose
Our enthusiastic workforce, widespread telecom network and superior telephony technology offer you incredibly best global communication services at exceptionally low charge. We endeavor at providing economical rates so as you can enjoy worldwide calling at exceptional low prices with remarkable voice quality.
Our USP’s
• Superior voice quality
• Flexibility of plans
• Feasibility of connection
• Portable in use
• Authentic in dealing
• Cost effective products & services
• 24*7 customer support
• Online tracking of records
Expertise of DreamTel
1. Broadband Internet Connection
2. Leased Line Internet Connection
3. Wireless Internet Connection
Reviews of DreamTel
Average Rating
5 Star
100%
Posted a review 3 yrs ago
DreamTel provide internet to the most part of the Amritsar. They give connection within in 24 hours of request. their service is very good Respond.
Additional Info of DreamTel
1. Broadband Internet Service Providers
2. Internet Telephony Services
3. Leased Line
4. Voice Over IP Services
5. Wireless Internet
Sr.NO. TOPIC PAGES SIGN.
1 COMPUTER NETWORKS 1
2 ETHERNET 1 -3
3 INTERNET 3-4
4 ACCESS POINT 4-6
5 WIRELESS BROADBAND 7
6 WAP 8
7 WAP 2.0 9
8 WHO PROVIDES BROADBAND 10-17
9 INSTALLATION PROCESS 18-33
10 SOFTWARE USE FOR CONFIGURATION OF UBNT 34-50
11 CABLE USE 51-61
12 LEASED LINE ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 62-64
13 ADVANTAGES 64-65
INDEX
COMPUTER NETWORKS
A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data connections. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.
Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes. Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as networking hardware. Two such devices are said to be networked together when one device is able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct connection to each other.
Computer networks support applications such as access to the World Wide Web, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications. Computer networks differ in the physical media used to transmit their signals, the communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size, topology and organizational internet
ETHERNET
Ethernet has been a relatively inexpensive, reasonably fast, and very popular LAN technology for several decades. Two individuals at Xerox PARC -- Bob Metcalfe and D.R. Boggs -- developed Ethernet beginning in 1972 and specifications based on this work appeared in IEEE 802.3 in 1980. Ethernet has since become the most popular and most widely deployed network technology in the world. Many of the issues involved with Ethernet are common to many network technologies, and understanding how Ethernet addressed these issues can provide a foundation that will improve your understanding of networking in general.
The Ethernet standard has grown to encompass new technologies as computer networking has matured. Specified in a standard, IEEE 802.3, an Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. Ethernet is also used in wireless LANs. Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and provide transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps. Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol. Fast Ethernet or 100BASE-T provides transmission speeds up to 100 megabits per second and is typically used for LAN backbone systems, supporting workstations with 10BASE-T cards. Gigabit Ethernet provides an even higher level of backbone support at 1000 megabits per second (1 gigabit or 1 billion bits per second). 10-Gigabit Ethernet provides up to 10 billion bits per second. This comprehensive tutorial includes a wide range of information on IEEE 802.3 standards, Topologies, CSMA/CD access methods, Wireless-LAN, and transmission speeds.
Wireless-LAN
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a flexible data communication system implemented as an extension to, or as an alternative for, a wired LAN within a building or campus. Using electromagnetic waves, WLANs transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections. Thus, WLANs combine data connectivity with user mobility, and, through simplified configuration, enable movable LANs. In a typical WLAN configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called an access point, connects to the wired network from a fixed location using standard Ethernet cable. At a minimum, the access point receives, buffers, and transmits data between the WLAN and the wired network infrastructure. A single access point can support a small group of users and can function within a range of less than one hundred to several hundred feet. The access point (or the antenna attached to the access point) is usually mounted high but may be mounted essentially anywhere that is practical as long as the desired radio coverage is obtained.
Users of traditional Ethernet LANs generally experience little difference in performance when using a wireless LAN and can expect similar latency behavior. Wireless LANs provide throughput sufficient for the most common LAN-based office applications, including electronic mail exchange, access to shared peripherals, and access to multi-user databases and applications.
TOPOLOGY
Topology is the shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other communications system. In other words, a topology describes pictorially the configuration or arrangement of a (usually conceptual) network, including its nodes and connecting lines. Topologies are either physical or logical. Ethernet uses topology to transfer the data. There are four principal topologies used in LANs.
Bus topology
Ring topology
Star topology
Tree topology
CSMA/CD
The acronym CSMA/CD signifies carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection and describes how the Ethernet protocol regulates communication among nodes. In other words, CSMA/CD is a set of rules determining how network devices respond when two devices attempt
to use a data channel simultaneously (called a collision). Standard Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD. This standard enables devices to detect a collision. After detecting a collision, a device waits a random delay time and then attempts to re-transmit the message. If the device detects a collision again, it waits twice as long to try to re-transmit the message.
INTERNET
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and telnets, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network(CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service(vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
INTERNET ACCESS
The standards group CCITT defined "broadband service" in 1988 as requiring transmission channels capable of supporting bit rates greater than the primary rate which ranged from about 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s. The US National Information Infrastructure project during the 1990s brought the term into public policy debates.
Broadband became a marketing buzzword for telephone and cable companies to sell their more expensive higher data rate products, especially for Internet access. In the US National Broadband Plan of 2009 it was defined as "Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access". The same agency has defined it differently through the years.
In 2000, 3% of the US adult population had access to a broadband connection at home. As of August 2013 70% of US adults accessed the Internet at home through a broadband connection, while 3% used dial-up.
Even though information signals generally travel between 40% and 70% of the speed of light in the medium no matter what the bit rate, higher rate services are often marketed as "faster" or "higher speeds". (This use of the word "speed" may or may not be appropriate, depending on context. It would be accurate, for instance, to say that a file of a given size will typically take less time to finish transferring if it is being transmitted via broadband as opposed to dial-up.) Consumers are also targeted by advertisements for peak transmission rates, while actual end-to-end rates observed in practice can be lower due to other factors.
ACCESS POINT
The Wireless N150 Access Point WN604 is the basic building block of a wireless LAN infrastructure. It provides connectivity between Ethernet wired networks and radio-equipped wireless notebook systems, desktop systems, print servers, and other devices.
The access point provides wireless connectivity to multiple wireless network devices within a fixed range or area of coverage—interacting with a wireless network interface card (NIC) through an antenna. Typically, an individual in-building access point provides a maximum connectivity area with about a 500-foot radius. Consequently, the access point can support a small group of users in a range of several hundred feet. Most access points can handle between 10 and 30 users simultaneously per radio.
The access point acts as a bridge between the wired LAN and wireless clients. Connecting multiple access points through a wired Ethernet backbone can extend the wireless network coverage. As a mobile computing device moves out of the range of one access point, it moves into the range of another. As a result, wireless clients can freely roam from one access point to another and still maintain seamless connection to the network.
BROADBAND
Broadband refers to communications channels capable of transmitting greatly more amounts of voice and data information than a standard voice-grade channel. Information can be sent on many different frequencies within the band, concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in a given amount of time.
Broadband is typically 10-20 times faster than the traditional dial-up-modem. A typical broadband connection operates at between 384 kbps to 10 mbps as compared to 28.8kbps to 56kbps for dial-up.
The traditional dial-up modem is used to connect your computer to the Internet when it has something to send, such as email or a request to load a web page. Once there is no further data, or the modem idle time is reached (set by the computer user), the call is disconnected. Sometimes dial-up modems are referred to as ‘dial-on-demand’ services.
A further advantage of broadband is that unlike dial-up the computer can always be on and connected to the Internet. Also, the telephone line is not tied up while the Internet is being used.
WIRELESS BROADBAND
Originally the word "broadband" had a technical meaning, but became a marketing term for any kind of relatively high-speed computer network or Internet access technology. According to the 802.16-2004 standard, broadband means "having instantaneous bandwidths greater than 1 MHz and supporting data rates greater than about 1.5 Mbit/s.
Wireless networks can feature data rates roughly equivalent to some wired networks, such as that of asymmetric digital subscriber line(ADSL) or a cable modem. Wireless networks can also be symmetrical, meaning the same rate in both directions (downstream and upstream), which is most commonly associated with fixed wireless networks. A fixed wireless network link is a stationary terrestrial wireless connection, which can support higher data rates for the same power as mobile or satellite systems.
Few wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) provide download speeds of over 100 Mbit/s; most broadband wireless access (BWA) services are estimated to have a range of 50 km (31 mi) from a tower. Technologies used include LMDS and MMDS, as well as heavy use of the ISM bands and one particular access technology was standardized by IEEE 802.16, with products known as WiMAX.
WiMAX is highly popular in Europe but has not met full acceptance in the United States because cost of deployment does not meet return on investment figures. In 2005 the Federal Communications Commission adopted a Report and Order that revised the FCC’s rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile devices such as mobile phones that uses the protocol.
Before the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services, but needed interactivity to support Internet and Webapplications such as:
• Email by mobile phone
• Tracking of stock-market prices
• Sports results
• News headlines
• Music downloads
The Japanese i-mode system offers another major competing wireless data protocol. As of 2013, WAP use has largely disappeared in Europe and the United States. Most modern handset internet browsers now support full HTML, so do not need to use WAP markup for webpage compatibility.
WAP Push
WAP Push was incorporated into the specification to allow WAP content to be pushed to the mobile handset with minimum user intervention. A WAP Push is basically a specially encoded message which includes a link to a WAP address.
WAP Push was specified on top of WAP Datagram Protocol (WDP); as such, it can be delivered over any WDP-supported bearer, such as GPRS or SMS. Most GSM networks have a wide range of modified processors, but GPRS activation from the network is not generally supported, so WAP Push messages have to be delivered on top of the SMS bearer.
On receiving a WAP Push, a WAP 1.2 (or later) -enabled handset will automatically give the user the option to access the WAP content. This is also known as WAP Push SI (Service Indication). A variant, known as WAP Push SL (Service Loading), directly opens the browser to display the WAP content, without user interaction. Since this behaviour raises security concerns, some handsets handle WAP Push SL messages in the same way as SI, by providing user interaction.
The network entity that processes WAP Pushes and delivers them over an IP or SMS Bearer is known as a Push Proxy Gateway (PPG).
WAP 2.0
A re-engineered 2.0 version was released in 2002. It uses a cut-down version of XHTML with end-to-end HTTP, dropping the gateway and custom protocol suite used to communicate with it. A WAP gateway can be used in conjunction with WAP 2.0; however, in this scenario, it is used as a standard proxy server. The WAP gateway's role would then shift from one of translation to adding additional information to each request. This would be configured by the operator and could include telephone numbers, location, billing information, and handset information.
Mobile devices process XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTML MP), the markup language defined in WAP 2.0. It is a subset of XHTML and a superset of XHTML Basic. A version of cascading style sheets (CSS) called WAP CSS is supported by XHTML MP.
AREA WHERE THE WAP IS USED
USA
The adoption of WAP in the US suffered because many cell phone providers required separate activation and additional fees for data support, and also because telecommunications companies have sought to limit data access to only approved data providers operating under license of the signal carrier.
In recognition of the problem, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued an order on 31 July 2007 which mandated that licensees of the 22-megahertz wide "Upper 700 MHz C Block" spectrum will have to implement a wireless platform which allows customers, device manufacturers, third-party application developers, and others to use any device or application of their choice when operating on this particular licensed network band.
ASIA
Unlike in Europe, WAP has seen huge success in Japan. While the largest operator NTT DoCoMo has famously disdained WAP in favor of its in-house system i-mode, rival operators KDDI (au) and Softbank Mobile (previously Vodafone Japan) have both successfully deployed WAP technology. In particular, (au)'s chakuuta/chakumovie (ringtone song/ringtone movie) services are based on WAP. After being shadowed by the initial success of i-mode, the two smaller Japanese operators have been gaining market share from DoCoMo since Spring 2001.
WHO PROVIDES BROADBAND
Local Phone Company, are Wire line telecommunications carriers that own the telephone network within a geographic area. They offer local telephone service, local toll, long distance, international, Internet access and are now allowed to offer video services.
Competitive Local Phone Company, are wire line carriers that are authorized under California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules to compete with local companies to provide local telephone services. They often package their local service offerings with local toll, long distance, international, Internet access, cable and/or video services.
Competitive Companies provide telephone services in one of three ways, or a combination there of:
(a) Building network facilities needed to connect themselves to customers premises;
(b) Purchasing telecommunications services from another carrier (typically a local phone company) at wholesale rates and reselling those services to their own customers at retail rates;
Satellite providers deploy broadband service to customers in almost any part of the United States. Customers must install a satellite dish with a clear line-of-sight view of the southern sky to receive satellite services. It is a popular choice for customers in rural and other areas that lack an existing broadband infrastructure.
Diagram of Satellite Broadband
Wireless carriers provide broadband service using fixed or mobile wireless technology. Fixed wireless technology offers services to large geographic areas with a modest investment. It is a particularly attractive form of broadband in rural areas, smaller towns, and suburbs.
Cable companies provide broadband services over their coaxial cable networks. Cable providers are generally granted exclusive franchises by the jurisdictions in which they operate. Cable broadband providers serve primarily residential customers, since many homes across the nation already subscribe to cable video.
Diagram of Broadband
Internet Service Provider (ISP), a company that provides third-party access to the Internet. An ISP has the equipment and the telecommunication line access required to have a point-of-presence on the Internet for the geographic area served. Examples are AOL, MSN, and EarthLink.
Wireless broadband technology is somewhat similar to cellular technology in that it uses radio waves to transmit and receive data across the air waves without having to rely on a physical connection. Simply put, wireless broadband refers to the of spreading an electromagnetic wave through empty space by an antenna which is connected to a base station.
Diagram of Wireless broadband
DEVICES USE FOR WIRELESS NETWORK
Diagram of 16dbi Nanostation
Diagram of 22dbi
Diagram of 23dbiAirgrid
Diagram of PoE
Diagram of Cat5 wire
Diagram of RJ 45 Connector
Diagram of wireless modem
INSTALLATION PROCESS
Ubiquiti Setup Instructions
1. Computer networks and ‘IP addresses’
2. Wireless networking
3. How to change IP addresses on a PC running XP, Vista or Wins 7, and on a wireless device.
4. Setting up Ubiquiti units in Bridge and Access Point/Client Modes.
1. Computer networks and ‘IP addresses’
If you know what an IP address is, what form it takes and why it must be a unique number, skip this section completely. This section applies to PCs on a network – i.e. any PC that talks to another device somewhere else. A single home PC connected to the internet is part of a network. A Standalone PC in an office with a wireless router attached is a network.
What’s an IP address?
Every networked PC has an address, just as a house or business has an address so it can be found. 123, Acacia Avenue, Cheam, is an example of a UK address. In the world of computers we us e unique numbers instead. A PC’s network address might typically be 83.200.132.254 and the highest number it can possibly be is 255.255.255.255. When the numbering system was invented (called IPv4) it was assumed that it would be enough to give a unique number to every computer ever likely to exist by providing 4.3 billion possible addresses, but on February 3, 2011 the numbers ran out, so a new system is coming on stream called IPv6 to allow for a lot more. This won’t affect your reading of this document as implementation of IPv6 is a little way off yet.
The system was designed so that any IP address could be further divided by using a similar numbering principle called a subnet, the highest number available being 255.255.255.255. (This would be like dividing 123 Acacia Avenue into a very large number of very small flats). Typically the subnet mask is not used and is left at its default number of 255.255.255.0. If you want to know more about the detail of IP addressing there’s a very full explanation at http://en.wikipediawiki/IP_address but all we need to know now is that every PC on a network has a unique IP address as four sets of three digits separated by a full stop nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn
What are they used for and why?
Think of an office with 100 PCs in it. Each one needs its own IP address to identify it uniquely, and so does the office as a whole. This could be achieved, for example, by giving the entire office one address – let’s say 192.168.2.254 – and giving the 100 PCs numbers 192.168.2.1 through to 192.168.2.100.
All the PCs are then wired back to a box (called a router) that picks up data from one machine and sends it to another, and the router would probably be number 254 in the example above. A router works like the Post Office, sending and delivering packets of data. It knows where to send them because every packet of data coming from one PC (think of an envelope containing a letter) has an IP address on the ‘outside’ of it saying where it’s going and another IP address attached to it saying where it’s come from. The router box routes the traffic on the network to the right places using the IP addresses attached to the data that’s travelling through it. Usually, the router is attached to the internet too, so that data from the world outside the office can come in and out. Looked at from the outside world end, the entire office would have the IP address 192.168.1.254 and the office router handles data coming in from the outside and within the office to make sure it arrives at the right PC.
Why the IP address must be ‘right’
If a PC user wants to look at something on a web page somewhere on the internet they would open up a web browser (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, they all do the same job) and type in the name of the place they want to go in the form of www.bloggsltd.co.uk. The browser sends this data to the router in the office, which then sends it on from its own IP address to web servers. Making a very long story short the web servers look up a huge list to find bllogsltd.co.uk and discover what its IP address is. They then send on the request for a home page to the server at that address, which sends back the home page data all the way back to the office router, which passes that to the PC that asked for it and the user gets to see the page. The data request could travel through hundreds of routers and servers and back again in a fraction of a second and the system relies entirely on knowing the correct IP addresses right down the line. Thus IP addresses have to be exactly right or the data doesn’t come back to the right place. What’s more, if any of the 100 machines, which can currently ‘see’ all the others in the office were to have its IP address changed say from 192.168.2.80 to 192.168.3. 80 it wouldn’t ‘see’ any of the other machines and none of the others would see it (rather like it suddenly being moved to a different street). And if someone changed the address of PC number .100 to .99 there would suddenly be two machines on the network with address .99 which could confuse the poor router no end (just as the postman would have trouble with a letter addressed to Acacia Avenue number 123 AND number 122: he wouldn’t know which house in Acacia Avenue to pop the letter into.
Where do IP addresses come from?
To save users having to learn all about IP addresses and how to set up a computer with an address to suit its use on a specific network, it is very common to have the router decide what the IP addresses for all the network PCs should be and tell them to just take the number they are given. The facility is known as DHCP and routers, or many other devices, can be set to hand out IP addresses to other devices by using DHCP. Where this facility is used there is a setting in Windows to ‘Obtain an IP address automatically’ and the process is automated, and a new PC will normally be set up for automatic when it comes out of its box. It’s important not to have two devices on a network both handing out DHCP! Also, if the automatic feature is used the IP address of each PC may change next time it or the network router is restarted. Sometimes it is better to give a PC a fixed number that it will keep permanently.
To sum up:
• Every PC has a unique address in the form of nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn (though it could be just n.n.n.n, or nnn.n.nn.n, or any combination of them, where n is less than 256)
• There is likely to be a subnet address for each PC, typically 255.255.255.0
• No two PCs can have the same IP address on the same network.
• If a PC is not in the right IP address range (one of the numbers other than the final numbers is not the same as all the others) it won’t be able to communicate with any other PC because it’s not on the same network.
• PCs may get their IP address automatically from a network router using DHCP.
Finally, until wireless networking came along, PCs were wired up on the network through
cables connecting each one back to the router. Now the same thing can be done without the
wire – i.e. wire-less-ly.
2. Wireless networks
If you already know about line of sight, frequencies, channels and choosing suitable antenna, skip this section. A wireless network is a system used to link two or more PCs together without using cables to do it. This can be very convenient and avoids the cost of laying cables in – which is very costly if you want to link two offices on opposite sides of town as it involves digging up roads, or renting a leased line.. If you want to shift vast quantities of data then a copper cable between the two points may be the only way to do it but typically costs many thousands of pounds a year for rental and is an expensive solution if the other office is just across the road. If you want to shift less data, then a wireless installation at one-off cost of just a few hundreds ofpounds may offer a permanent solution, but wireless doesn’t offer a solution in all cases.
What is needed to be able to make a wireless connection?
Wireless needs line of sight – that is the unit at one end must be able to ‘see’ the unit at the other with no obstructions in the path, just as you can. Typically a wireless unit has a radio and antenna inside it, so it sends out a radio signal. At the other end of the link another of the same unit listens for the radio signal then sends back data. To do this successfully the radio and antenna it is linked to must meet certain requirements:
• The radio must be good enough to send out a decent signal and sensitive enough to ‘hear’ the signal coming back. (There may be other wireless systems in the area sending out signals too, so when a unit is listening it must be able to find out which signals it should be listening to and ignore all the others in the area – more on this below.)
• The antenna must be able to pick up signals coming from the right direction. The antenna in most radio units sends out quite a narrow beam in just one direction so they need to be pointing at each other. (Think of two torches some distance apart – they must be shining directly at each other so that the beams line up.) Typically the beam is about 35 degrees up/down and left/right and looks like a cone:
The wider the beam the more the signal is dissipated over a given distance, so if long-distance links are required a dish with a pencil beam would do well, but for a short link a wider beam is fine. The ‘power’ of the antenna is rated with a number which tells how much the beam is focussed in just one direction, so in the pictures above the wide beam might have a ‘gain’ figure of 10 dBi, while the dish has a gain of 28 dBi. How these numbers relate to each other, what dBi means and how the physical size of the antenna relates to the gain are beyond the scope of this document but more information is available at http://en.wikipediawiki/Antenna_gain So, to link two points by wireless we need two radio units arranged something like this: But because we must have line of sight, this link wouldn’t work: neither would the one below, because quite a lot of the signal is above and below the centre line. Looked at end-on, the radio beam is really more like this: The line through the middle is the line of sight and the area around it is called the Fresnel Zone, which carries quite a lot of the signal. In fact, if you block 20% of the Fresnel zone you’ll lose 40% of the signal, so it’s not enough to be able to have a line of sight between two points like a piece of string – for example just over the top of a building to the point you can see on the far side – there must be plenty of clear space all around the centre line too. Just for the record, unlicensed wireless links in the UK operate on two frequencies – 2.4 and 5.8 GHz – and at those frequencies line of sight is vital and the signal doesn’t travel very far – perhaps 20 kms with a dish antenna, 5 kms with the smaller antenna. Signals can be stopped entirely with thick stone walls and trees are a real obstacle. (The only answer to trees in the path is a chain saw.) Mobile phones, which work on a lower frequency, can penetrate stone and brick more easily, which is why users don’t have to stand outside – though they may have to in poor signal areas – and for the same reasons the units used for wireless networks really are best placed outside a building in free space and preferably at least 3 metres above ground level.
Point to Point (PTP) and Point to Multipoint (PTMP).
Wireless units can operate in different ways, called modes. You might want to just link two places together (Point to Point – think of a wire strung between two buildings) or one central unit might be required to talk to many others (Point to MultiPoint – think of a telephone pole in the street with wires running from it to many buildings). Wireless units need to be told the first time they are set up which mode they need to use. Bridge Mode means Point to Point: the unit at each end is set up in Bridge mode so they can only talk to each other. For Point to MultiPoint use the unit to be used as the central point is set in Access Point Mode and the many satellite units are set in Client, or Station, mode.
To sum up
• Wireless networks need line of sight
• Line of sight means a direct line between two points and a fair amount of free space around that line, with no intrusion by buildings or trees into the fresnel zone.
• Units need to be chosen that will perform at the distance required and the beam pattern and gain of the antenna must be carefully considered
• Channels available can be quite busy on 2.4 GHz so 5.8 GHz may be a better choice
• PTP or PTMP must be selected and each unit set up in the appropriate mode to do the job required of them.
3 How to change IP addresses on a PC running XP, Vista or Wins 7
If you already know how to check and change a network computer’s IP address in order to set up a wireless unit for use on the network, skip this section. This section will deal with setting up Ubiquiti radios running AirOS V operating system for use with networks running Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7.
Ubiquiti networks units show on the end of their box what the number of the installed operating system is and that number should be 5 or higher for use with the instructions below. Earlier versions follow the same principles but the screenshots may not be exactly the same as those shown here. By default, the IP address of any Ubiquiti unit is always
192.168.1.20 out of the box. (Broadcast Warehouse will set these links up for you, so this information is for future reference only)
If your network or computers are using the IP address range of 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.255 you are very lucky and can skip a lot of this section unless you already have a PC on the network using 192.168.1.20, in which case you will need to change that unit’s address to a different end number. .250 is usually a good choice as a temporary measure while the PC is used to set up the Ubiquiti units. If you need to look at the IP addresses of all the PCs on the network to find an IP address that is free on the network, download Superscan from http://www.softpediaget/Network-Tools/Ne...Scan.shtml, install it, and run it to get a list of all devices on the network and their IP addresses. To set a Ubiquiti unit’s IP address you need to be able to connect to it using a web browser such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Safari Chrome etc. BUT the PC from which you do that MUST be on the address range 192.168.1.… or it won’t see the Ubiquiti unit at all. This may mean that the PC must have its IP address changed and the instructions below cover how that is done. The routine is:
- put the PC on the same IP address range as the Ubiquiti unit
- connect to the Ubiquiti unit
- change the IP address of the Ubiquiti unit to match the network IP address range
-change the PC’s address back to what it was before you started
- connect to the Ubiquiti unit again with the web browser to set it up.
It takes a while and it’s a bit cumbersome, but is straightforward. From the Windows desktop click Start, then click Run to get a box on screen like this:
To make life easier.click anywhere on the box, then type cd.. and press return, then do it again, until you get to just C:> on the left of the screen. Now you can use the Command Line interface (that’s what it’s called) for the next step. Type ipconfigand press Enter. You should have returned to you four lines of text. The middle two lines are the important ones and the numbers you see will probably be different to these:
Ethernet Adapter Local Area Connection
Connection-specific DNS suffix…………:
IP address…………………………………: 192.148.3.54
Subnet mask………………………………: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway…………………………...:192.148.3.250
This tells us that the network address range for the PC you are using is 192.168.3 and this PC has the number 54. The subnet mask has conveniently not been changed.
First we change the PC’s IP address to it can see the Ubiquiti unit, which is on 192.168.1.20. Click on the Network icon in the bottom right corner of the PC’s screen: In Windows 7 the icon looks like this
(If
In Windows 7 the icon looks like this
(If you don’t have the icon, click Start\Control Panel\letwork connections and skip down this page a bit.) A new window will pop up. In Windows XP choose Open Network Connections. In Windows Vista and 7 choose Network and Sharing Center
In Vista, choose Manage Network Connections Next
Next there’s another box. In XP, Vista and Windows 7 all have a different layout, but look for the Local Area Connection and click on it. Click Properties at the bottom of the box that appears.
Next screen - click on Internet Connection Properties or Internet Protocol Version 4 to select the line, then click the Properties button. In Windows 7 you can click on the Properties button straight away – whatever screen you have in front of you find Properties and click on it.
XP, Vista and Windows 7 all now present a very similar screen. If the PC was set to obtain an IP address automatically (the router is doing the DHCP) there will be a blob in‘Obtain an IP address automatically.’ If the blob is in ‘Use the following IP address’ there will be an IP address that someone has previously entered. If there are numbers showing, write them down somewhere safe because they’re about to be changed temporarily and if they are not put back exactly as they are now in due course the PC will disappear from the network.
The IP address of the PC must now be changed to match the range that the Ubiquiti unit uses by default. The first 3 numbers MUST be 192.168.1.… and the last number can be anything except 20 – which the Ubiquiti will soon be using. Type the numbers in, keep the subnet mask as 255.255.255.0, and click OK. Now back out of all the previous screens until you are at an empty desktop.
If you want to be sure that the IP address is set correctly, open up the cmd window again and type ipconfig as you did before. This time the IP address should be
192.168.1.[whatever number you chose - and it mustn’t be 20 - here]
The next step is to set up the Ubiquiti units to match the address that the PC network you are dealing with is on. In this example the address range is 192.148.3.… so the Ubiquiti unit (or a pair of units if you are just creating a PTP Bridge) will now have to have its IP address changed as the next step in the setup.
Remember that when the Ubiquitiunit(s) have been set up, this PC will need to be
returned to its original IP address by going through the procedure again and setting it
either to ‘Obtain an IP address automatically’ or have the correct IP address put back as it was when you started. It’s a much faster procedure after you’ve done it once….
4. Setting up Ubiquiti units in Bridge and AP/Client Modes
This section deals with setting up Ubiquiti wireless ethernet units for use on a network in Bridge of AP/Client modes. Ensure that the PC you are using to connect to the Ubiquiti unit has an IP address in the range 192.168.1. n [where n is between 1 and 254 and is NOT 20]. All Ubiquiti units have an ethernet port. There are two possibilities for wiring, depending on whether your mains unit has a Power Over Ethernet socket built in, or whether you have a separate mains supply and a POE injector. This is how they hook together to supply data and power via the ethernet cable to the Ubiquiti unit:
SOFTWARE USE FOR CONFIGURATION OF UBNT
STARTING PROCESS
Windows XP
• Open Start/ Control panel/ Network Connections.
• Or in Classic Start menu: Start/ Settings/ Control panel/ Network Connections.
Windows Vista
• Open Start, right-click on Network and then Properties (or Start/Control Panel). • Double click Network and Sharing Center, click Manage network connections. Network Connections window will appear.
• Enable your network card: right-click on Local Area Connection and select Enable (if it’s already enabled, the option would be “Disable” and just leave it as is).
• If there is a built in WIFI card, it should be disabled (right click and choose “Disable” if not already so).
• Right click on Local Area Connection and select Properties:
• If you do not need to share files or a printer on your local network you should disable (un-tick)
“Client...” and “File and...” for added security.
• WinXP: double click on Internet Protocol:
• Vista and Win7: double click on
Internet Protocol Version 4(TCP/IPv4):
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF 22dbi NANOSTATION ROCKET M5
Welcome to airOS™ v5.5.4 – the latest evolution of the airOS Configuration Interface by Ubiquiti Networks™. airOS v5.5.4 provides new features, including:
• Maps commonly used VoIP TOS values (0x68, 0xb8) to Voice queue
• Alternative data rate algorithm option
• Audio option for Antenna Alignment tool
• Signal strength from remote radio shown in Station information window (airMAX™ mode only)
• TX/RX bit rate statistics shown in AP or Station information
• Feed only option for antenna type (airGrid™ and Nano Bridge™ models only) airOS is an advanced operating system capable of powerful wireless and routing features, built upon a simple and intuitive user interface foundation. This User Guide describes the airOS operating system version 5.5.4, which is integrated into all M Series products provided by Ubiquiti Networks.
airOS v5.5.4 Wireless Modes
airOS supports the following wireless modes:
• Access Point
• Station / Client
• AP-Repeater
System Requirements
• Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Linux, or Mac OS X
• Java Runtime Environment 1.6 (or above)
• Web Browser: Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Google Chrome, or Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 (or above)
Getting Started
To access the airOS Configuration Interface, perform the following steps:
1. Configure the Ethernet adapter on your computer with a static IP address on the 192.168.1.x subnet (for example, IP address: 192.168.1.100 and subnet mask: 255.255.255.0).
2. Launch your web browser. Enter https:// and the default IP address of your device in the address field. Press Enter (PC) or Return (Mac).
3. Upon initial login, the Terms of Use appear on the login screen. Enter ubntin the Username and Password fields, and select the appropriate choices from the Country and Language drop-down lists. Check the box next to I agree to these terms of use, and click Login.
4. Upon subsequent login, the standard login screen appears. Enter ubntin the Username and Password fields, and click Login
Main Tab
The Main tab displays a summary of the link status information, current values of the basic configuration settings (depending on the operating mode), network settings and information, and traffic statistics.
Wireless Tab
The Wireless tab contains everything needed to set up the wireless part of the link. This includes SSID, channel and frequency settings, device mode, data rates, and wireless security.
Basic Wireless Settings
In this section, configure the basic wireless settings, such as wireless mode, wireless network name (SSID), country code, 802.11 mode, output power, and data rates.
Wireless Mode Specify the Wireless Mode of the device. The mode depends on the network topology requirements. airOS supports the following modes:
StationIf you have a client device to connect to an AP, configure the client device as Station mode. The client device acts as the subscriber station while it is connecting to the AP. The SSID of the AP is used, and all the traffic to and from the network devices connected to the Ethernet interface is forwarded.
Access Point If you have a single device to act as an AP, configure it as Access Point mode. The device functions as an AP that connects multiple client devices. If you have multiple APs repeating signals where Ethernet connections are not readily available, then use AP Repeater mode.
Network Tab
The Network tab allows you to configure bridge or routing functionality and IP settings.
Change To save or test your changes, click Change. A new message appears. You have three options:
• Apply To immediately save your changes, click Apply.
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier configuration.
• Discard To cancel your changes, click Discard.
Network Role
airOS supports the following modes: Bridge, Router, and SOHO Router. Only the routers can support the router modes.
Network Mode Specify the Network Mode of the device. The default setting is device-specific. The mode depends on the network topology requirements. Bridge mode is adequate if you have a very small network. However, a larger network has significantly more traffic that requires management by a device using Router or SOHO Router mode. Router or SOHO Router mode keeps broadcast traffic within its respective broadcast domain, so that broadcast traffic will not overload the overall traffic in the network.
• Bridge The device acts as a transparent bridge and operates in Layer 2, like an unmanaged switch. There is only one IP address for the device in Bridge mode.
• Router The device is separated into two networks or subnets (one WAN and one LAN). In Router mode, the WLAN functions as the Wide Area Network (WAN). The Ethernet ports function as the LAN. Each wireless or wired interface on the WAN or LAN has an IP address. For example, Router mode is used in a typical Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) installation. The device acts as the demarcation (demark) point between the CPE and Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP), with the wireless interface of the device connecting to the WISP.
Management Network Settings
Management Interface (Available in Advanced view.) Select the interface used for management.
Management IP Address The device can use a static IP address or obtain an IP address from its DHCP server.
• DHCP The local DHCP server assigns a dynamic IP address, gateway IP address, and DNS address to the device.
Advanced Tab
The Advanced tab handles advanced routing and wireless settings. Only technically advanced users who have sufficient knowledge about WLAN technology should use the advanced wireless settings. These settings should not be changed unless you know the effects the changes will have on the device.
Change To save or test your changes, click Change. A new message appears. You have three options:
• Apply To immediately save your changes, click Apply.
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do notclick Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier configuration.
• Discard To cancel your changes, click Discard.
Services Tab
The Services tab configures system management services:
Ping Watchdog, SNMP, servers (web, SSH, Telnet), NTP, DDNS, system log, and device discovery.
Change To save or test your changes, click Change. A new message appears. You have three options:
• Apply To immediately save your changes, click Apply.
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier configuration.
• Discard To cancel your changes, click Discard.
Ping Watchdog
Ping Watchdog sets the device to continuously ping a user-defined IP address (it can be the Internet gateway, for example). If it is unable to ping under the user-defined constraints, then the device will automatically reboot. This option creates a kind of “fail-proof” mechanism.
Ping Watchdog is dedicated to continuous monitoring of the specific connection to the remote host using the Ping tool. The Ping tool works by sending ICMP echo request packets to the target host and listening for ICMP echo response replies. If the defined number of replies is not received, the tool reboots the device.
Web Server
Device Discovery
Discovery Enables device discovery, so the device can be discovered by other Ubiquiti devices through the Discovery tool.
CDP Enables Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) communications, so the device can send out CDP