08-03-2010, 02:26 PM
seminar report on biomedical waste management principles and case study
08-03-2010, 02:26 PM
seminar report on biomedical waste management principles and case study
29-05-2010, 12:40 AM
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
The formal definition of biomedical waste is: ËœBio-medical wasteâ„¢ means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof. The hazardous and toxic parts of waste from health care establishments comprising infectious, bio-medical and radio-active material as well as sharps (hypodermic needles, knives, scalpels etc.) constitute a grave risk. Diseases like cholera, plague, tuberculosis, hepatitis (especially HBV), AIDS (HIV), diphtheria etc can spread if the recycling process is done unscientifically. Waste Generation: Qualitative as well as quantitative survey of the waste generated is the goal of this step. Healthcare establishments as well as The whole town / city must be included in this . WASTE IDENTIFICATION AND WASTE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE HEALTH CARE ESTABLISHMENTS Identification of Various Components of the Waste Generated: Documenting the medical/bio-medical practice/procedures carried out by the particular health care establishment must be done. current practices and responsibilities must be assessed. WASTE STORAGE: This is to be done at the point of generation and at the common storage for the total waste inside a health care organisation. Recommended Labelling and Colour Coding: A notice describing describing which waste should go to which container and how frequently it has to be routinely removed and to where, is to be pasted. Segregated Storage in Separate Containers: Each category of waste has to be kept segregated in a proper container. The bags/containers should not be filled more than 3/4th capacity. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL: Incineration: This is a high temperature thermal process employing combustion of the waste under controlled condition for converting them into inert material and gases. Both oil fired and electrical incinerators can be used. Autoclave Treatment: It is a low heat process in which steam is brought into direct contact with the waste material for duration sufficient to disinfect the material. Hydroclave Treatment: It is a double walled container, in which the steam is injected into the outer jacket to heat the inner chamber containing the waste . During this , the Moisture contained in the waste evaporates as steam and builds up the requisite steam pressure. Microwave Treatment: microwave heats the targeted material from inside out, providing a high level of disinfection Chemical Disinfecting: A 1% hypochlorite solution with a minimum contact period of 30 minutes or other equivalent reagents such as phenolic compounds, iodine, hexachlorophene, iodine-alcohol or formaldehyde-alcohol combination etc are used. Sanitary and Secured Landfilling: This is used for: -Deep burial of human anatomical waste -Animal waste under no facility for incineration . for more details, refer this pdf: http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap7.pdf
09-02-2012, 10:59 AM
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11-03-2014, 03:41 PM
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
BIOMEDICAL WASTE.docx (Size: 31.93 KB / Downloads: 29) ABSTRACT With rapid urbanization and ever increasing population growth there has been a substantial increase in the generation of waste. Bio-medical wastes are the major concern of the era. It is the responsibility of waste generator to treat and dispose of the biomedical waste. It is the responsibility of the local bodies to treat and dispose the non biomedical waste (general waste) and treated biomedical waste generated in the healthcare institutions. The solid waste from the hospitals consists of bandages, linen and other infectious waste, plastics, disposable syringes, glass and other general wastes including food. For two major reasons, besides others, Bio Medical waste generation is on the increase: an increasing population as well as increased demand for Allopathic treatment, and proliferation of smaller to corporate hospitals in towns and cities on a commercial basis. Thus to tackle the situation a well developed strategy and its impartial implementation are the need of the hour. This report tries to suggest ways of defining, managing and disposing bio-medical wastes. This report also explains different treatment methods available to us presently. [b]INTRODUCTION TO BIO-MEDICAL WASTE[/b] The hospital waste has always been considered potentially hazardous. The disposal of untreated bio-medical wastes poses an environmental and public health risk. It also presents an occupational health hazards to the health care personnel who handle these wastes at the point of generation, and those involved with their management i.e. segregation, storage, transport, treatment and disposal. Biomedical waste consists of solids, liquids, sharps and laboratory waste that are potentially infectious or dangerous and are considered bio-waste. The biomedical waste produced in the course of health care activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury than any other type of waste. Inappropriate handling of biomedical waste may have serious public health consequences and a significant impact on the environment. The indiscriminate disposal of untreated wastes is the causes to spread the infectious diseases. Apart from these, a good amount of bio-medical wastes such as disposable syringes, saline bottles, I.V. fluid bottles etc. etc. are picked up by the rag pickers and are recycled back into the market without any disinfection. It is imperative, therefore, to adopt appropriate system for the safe collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of the hospital wastes. Managing these wastes is a challenging task due to unpredictable variation in the load on common biomedical waste treatment facility. A. Biomedical Waste Generation The biomedical waste generated by all the departments has to be collected according to the prevailing practices of collections and then has to be sorted out into the different categories according to the rules of biomedical waste legislation. Regarding the liquid waste, it may be divided into liquid reagents/chemical discarded and the cleaning and washing water channeled into the drain. Hence, the category wise survey of medical waste generation is: Human anatomical waste Animal waste Microbiology and Biotechnology waste Sharps waste Medicines and cyto-toxic drugs Soiled waste Solid waste Chemical waste Incineration ash Liquid waste. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE Biomedical waste means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof. The physic-chemical and biological nature of these components, their toxicity and potential hazard are different, necessitating different methods and options for their treatment and/or disposal. The basic components of hazardous biomedical waste consist in: Human anatomical waste (such as, tissues, organs, body parts etc.); Microbiology and biotechnology waste (such as, laboratory cultures, micro-organisms, human cell cultures, toxins etc.) Waste sharps (such as, hypodermic needles, syringes, scalps, broken glass etc.) Autoclave Treatment Autoclave Treatment is a process of steam sterilization under pressure. It is a low heat process in which steam is brought into direct contact with the waste material for duration sufficient to disinfect the material. Autoclaving has been used as a treatment method in laboratory settings to sterilize microbiological laboratory cultures. Autoclaving is a process by which wastes are either sterilized or disinfected prior to disposal in a landfill. Autoclaving can be a sterilization process if all microorganisms are exposed to the steam for a sufficient temperature/pressure/time period to assure their destruction. There are also of three types: gravity type, pre-vacuum type and retort type. In the Gravity type, air is evacuated by help of gravity alone. The system operates at temperature of 121°C and steam pressure of 15 psi for 60-90 minutes. In the Pre-vacuum type, vacuum pumps are used to evacuate air from the pre-vacuum autoclave system so that the time cycle is reduced to 30-60 minutes. It operates at about 132°C. The Retort type autoclaves are designed to handle much larger volumes and operate at much higher steam temperature and pressure. Autoclave treatment is recommended for microbiology and biotechnology waste, waste sharps, soiled and solid waste. |
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