24-09-2014, 02:21 PM
NAME OF THE PROJECT : TO REDUCE DEFECT OF MUFFLER Mufflers are installed within the exhaust system of most internal combustion engines, although the muffler is not designed to serve any primary exhaust function. The muffler is engineered as an acoustic soundproofing device designed to reduce the loudness of the sound pressure created by the engine by way of Acoustic quieting. The majority of the sound pressure produced by the engine is emanated out of the vehicle using the same piping used by the silent exhaust gases absorbed by a series of passages and chambers lined with roving fiberglass insulation and/or resonating chambers harmonically tuned to cause destructive interference wherein opposite sound waves cancel each other out. An unavoidable side effect of muffler use is an increase of back pressure which decreases engine efficiency. This is because the engine exhaust must share the same complex exit pathway built inside the muffler as the sound pressure that the muffler is designed to mitigate. Some vehicle owners remove or install an aftermarket muffler when Engine tuning in
2. ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT DONE
NAME OF THE PROJECT : TO REDUCE DEFECT OF MUFFLER
Mufflers are installed within the exhaust system of most internal combustion engines, although the muffler is not designed to serve any primary exhaust function. The muffler is engineered as an acoustic soundproofing device designed to reduce the loudness of the sound pressure created by the engine by way of Acoustic quieting. The majority of the sound pressure produced by the engine is emanated out of the vehicle using the same piping used by the silent exhaust gases absorbed by a series of passages and chambers lined with roving fiberglass insulation and/or resonating chambers harmonically tuned to cause destructive interference wherein opposite sound waves cancel each other out. An unavoidable side effect of muffler use is an increase of back pressure which decreases engine efficiency. This is because the engine exhaust must share the same complex exit pathway built inside the muffler as the sound pressure that the muffler is designed to mitigate.
Some vehicle owners remove or install an aftermarket muffler when Engine tuning in order to increase power output or reduce fuel consumption because of economic or environmental concerns, recreational pursuits such as motorsport and hypermiling and/or for personal aesthetic acoustical preferences.
Project : 2 MIG WIRE CONSUMPTION
MIG welding:- Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), sometimes referred to by its subtypesmetal inert gas (MIG) weldingormetal active gas (MAG) welding, is a welding process in which an electric arc forms between a consumablewire electrodeand the workpiece metal(s), which heats the workpiece metal(s), causing them to melt, and join. Along with the wire electrode, ashielding gasfeeds through the welding gun, which shields the process from contaminants in the air. The process can be semi-automatic or automatic
Rajeev Rana
Roll No. 100761133079
2.PROJECT REPORT
2.1 TO REDUCE DEFECT OF MUFFLER
Mufflers are installed within the exhaust system of most internal combustion engines, although the muffler is not designed to serve any primary exhaust function. The muffler is engineered as an acoustic soundproofing device designed to reduce the loudness of the sound pressure created by the engine by way of Acoustic quieting. The majority of the sound pressure produced by the engine is emanated out of the vehicle using the same piping used by the silent exhaust gases absorbed by a series of passages and chambers lined with roving fiberglass insulation and/or resonating chambers harmonically tuned to cause destructive interference wherein opposite sound waves cancel each other out. An unavoidable side effect of muffler use is an increase of back pressure which decreases engine efficiency. This is because the engine exhaust must share the same complex exit pathway built inside the muffler as the sound pressure that the muffler is designed to mitigate.
Some vehicle owners remove or install an aftermarket muffler when Engine tuning in order to increase power output or reduce fuel consumption because of economic or environmental concerns, recreational pursuits such as motorsport and hypermiling and/or for personal aesthetic acoustical preferences. Although the legality of altering a motor vehicles OEM exhaust system varies by jurisdiction, in most developed parts of the world, modification of a vehicles exhaust system is usually highly regulated if not strictly prohibited.
An exhaust pipe must be carefully designed to carry toxic and/or noxious gases away from the users of the machine. Indoor generators and furnaces can quickly fill an enclosed space with carbon monoxide or other poisonous exhaust gases if they are not properly vented to the outdoors. Also, the gases from most types of machine are very hot; the pipe must be heat-resistant, and it must not pass through or near anything that can burn or can be damaged by heat. A chimney serves as an exhaust pipe in a stationary structure. For the internal combustion engine it is important to have the exhaust system "tuned" (refer to tuned pipe) for optimal efficiency. Also this should meet the regulation norms maintained in each country. In European countries, EURO 5, India BS-4 etc.,
2.2 MIG WIRE CONSUMPTION
MIG welding:- Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), sometimes referred to by its subtypesmetal inert gas (MIG) weldingormetal active gas (MAG) welding, is a welding process in which an electric arc forms between a consumablewire electrodeand the workpiece metal(s), which heats the workpiece metal(s), causing them to melt, and join. Along with the wire electrode, ashielding gasfeeds through the welding gun, which shields the process from contaminants in the air. The process can be semi-automatic or automatic
.
ROBOT USED FOR WELDING REAR AXLE
.ROBOT:- A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an electromechanical machine that is guided by a computer program or electronic circuitry. Robot can be autonomous, semi-autonomous or Remotely controlled.
Autonomous robot are robots that can perform desired task in unstructured environment without continuous human guidance.
TYPES OF ROBOTS:- Robots are of many types as
1. mobile robot
2. industrial robot
3. service robot
4. modular robot
5. collaborative robot
INDUSTRIAL ROBOT:- An industrial robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. Typically application of robots including welding, painting, assembly, pick and place, product inspection.
Types:- The most commonly used robot configurations are articulated robots, SCARA robots, Delta robots and Cartesian co-ordinate robots (X-Y-Z robot
DEFINING PARAMETERS:-
1. Number of axes:- Two axes are required to reach any point in a plane; three axes are required to reach any point in space. To fully control the orientation of the end of the arm (i,e. the wrist) three more axes (yaw, pitch and roll) are required
2. Working envelope:- The region of space a robot can reach.
3. Kinematics:- The actual arrangement of rigid members and joints in the robot, which determine the robots possible motions.
4. Carrying load or payload:- How much weight a robot can lift.
5. Speed:- How fast the robot can position the end of its arm. This may be defined in terms of the angular or linear speed of each axes or as a compound speed i,e. the speed of the end of the arm when all axes are moving.
6. Acceleration:- How quickly an axis can accelerate. Since this is a limiting factor a robot may not be able to reach its specified maximum speed for movements over a short distance or a complex path requiring frequent changes of directions.
7. Repeatability:- How well the robot will return to a programmed position.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF ROBOT :- The basic elements of robot are as:-
1. MANIPULATOR:- It is the most obvious part of the robot and mainly consist of a base, an arm and wrist. Within the manipulator are the mechanical parts like joints, transmission lines, internal sensors which execute the robot movement in any number of degree of freedom. The movement of manipulator can be described in relation to its coordinate system which may be cylinderical, spherical, cartesian. Depending on the controller, movement can be servo or non servo controlled and can be point to point motion or continuous path motion.
CONTROLLER:- Controller is the brain of robot and is based on a computer or a system computers. Its major functions are to store, to sequence and to position the data in memory, to initiate and stop motions of manipulator as per instruction given to interact with the environment. The controller will have two component, namely, the hardware and software.
2. END EFFECTOR.
3. SENSORS.
4. ENERGY SOURCE:- The movement of manipulator arm requires energy and this is supplied by energy source. Depending on load range and type of application. It may be electrical, hydrolic or pneumatic. For small and medium sized robots electrical source is generally employed. For bigger size robot where load is also large, hydrolic source is used. Where accuracy requirement is less, pneumatic energy source is used.
Classification of industrial robot:- according to method of input of information and teaching robots are classified as:
· Manual manipulator.
· Fixed sequence robot.
· Variable sequence robot.
· Playback robot.
· Numerically controlled (NC) robot.
· Intelligent robot.
Robot physical configuration:- Industrial robots come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are capable of various manipulator and they posses different motion systems. Commercially available industrial robots have one of following configuration:-
(a) Polar co-ordinate configuration:- This configuration also goes by the name of spherical co-ordinate. The workspace within which it can move its arm is a partial sphere. The robot body has base and pivot that can be used to raise or lower a telescoping arm. It has two rotary axes combined with a
linear axis. The base axis is a rotary axis with a second rotary axes providing vertical motion. The linear axis makes the radius of the sphere. The working envelope is the area between a large sphere defined by the maximum extension of the linear axes and a small sphere defined by its minimum extension.
(b) Cylindrical co-ordinate configuration:- Here the robot body is a vertical that swivels about a vertical use. The arm consists of several orthogonal slides which allow the arm to be moved up or down and in or out with respect to body. The base axis is a rotary axis which is commonly used in a material handling system.
© Cartesian co-ordinate configuration:- A robot which is considered around this configuration consist of three orthogonal slides. The three slides are parallel to the x, y and z axis of the cartesian co-ordinate system. By appropriate movements of three slides, the robot is capable of moving its arm to any point within its three dimensional rectangular shaped work space.
The base axis of a cartesian system is often extended to enlarge the working volume or to move the robot from one position to another position.
(d) Joint arm configuration:- It is a similar of three rigid members connected by two rotary joints and mounted on a rotary base. It is similar to human arm in appearance. Straight members are connected by joints which are analogous to human shoulder, elbow and wrist. Robot arm can be rotated to provide the robot with the capacity to work within a quasi-spherical space.
-AXIS INDUSTRIAL ROBOT :- The six axis of robot are as
1. Swing (S).
2. Lower arm (L).
3. Upper arm (U).
4. Revolving ®.
5. Bending (B).
6. Twisting (T).`
ROBOT CONTROLLER:- The robot is controlled by PLC, Variable frequency drive (VFD), contactors
PRESS SHOP MACHINE DESCRIPTION MACHINE NAME - 200 Tons Hydraulic Press PROCESS NAME - Trimming PART NAME - As Per die (Fuel Tank) SPECIFICATION OF MACHINE Max Load Pressure 178 Kg / Cm2 Set Pressure 178- 198 Kg / Cm2 Brake Pressure 2-2.8 Kg / Cm2
3.BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Daily Diary
2) www.airsoftinfosys.com
3) www.wikipedia.org