16-07-2012, 04:22 PM
Radio Frequency Identification TAGS
[attachment=27767]
Abstract:
Through this paper, we have tried to present the use of a rapidly expanding technology, i.e. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for location tracking purposes-which is one particular application. We have gone about the task by dealing with the different types of RFID tags available for this purpose, explaining the basic working principle, with adequate figures to present our point. As the title of the paper indicates we intend to use RFID in location tracking so that location tracking may be more accurate and sophisticated.
Indexing Terms-GPS, Inductive and Capacitive RFID Tags.
Introduction:
A basic RFID system consists of three basic components viz. an antenna or a coil, a transceiver (with decoder) and a transponder (RF Tag) electronically programmed with unique information. The electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags are expected continually. Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader which can be configured either as a handled or a fixed mount device. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone it detects the reader’s activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag’s integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing. Data within a tag may provide identification for an item in manufacture goods in transit, a location, the identity of a vehicle, an animal or an individual.
The reader can emit radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 ft or even more depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. RFID tags also come in wide variety of shapes and sizes. Animal tracking tags inserted beneath the skin, can be as small as a pencil cell in diameter.
RFID tags are categorized as either active or passive. Active RFID tags are powered by an internal battery. The battery-supplied power of an active tag generally gives it a longer read range. The trade off is greater size, greater cost, and a limited operational life (which may yield a maximum of 10 years, depending upon operating temperature and battery type.)
Passive RFID tags operate without a separate external power source and obtain operating power generated from the reader. Passive tags are consequently much lighter than active tags, less expensive, and offer a virtually unlimited operational lifetime. Read-only tags are typically passive and are programmed with a unique set of data (usually 32 to 128 bits) that cannot be modified. Controlled access to vehicles, depot facilities being typical, automated toll collection for roads and bridges - since the 1980s, electronic Road-Pricing (ERP) systems have been used in Hong Kong.
Technologies prevalent for location tracking:
Location tracking cannot be classified as one, single technology. It can be rather defined as the convergence of several other technologies, which can be used to track things as banal as livestock.
Some of the current technologies being used for location-tracking and location-based systems include:
• Global Positioning System (GPS) – It uses a consortium of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites. A GPS receiver, like the one in our mobile phones, can locate four or more of these satellites, a larger number leading to better accuracy, figure out the distance to each, and deduce your location through basic geometry. For this to work, it must have a clear line of sight to these four or more satellites. GPS was basically designed for the bigger picture, like tracking over the whole world like in military applications.
An Impression of the GPS Constellation
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) - Miniature, battery-less microchips that can be attached to consumer goods, cattle, vehicles and other objects to track their movements. RFID tags are passive and transmit data only when prompted by a reader. The reader transmits radio waves that activate the RFID tag. The tag then transmits information via a pre-determined radio frequency. This information is received and transmitted to a central database. Other possible uses for RFID tags are a replacement for traditional UPC bar codes.
• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) - Network of devices that connect via radio frequency, such as 802.11b. These devices pass data over radio waves and provide users with a network with a range of 70 to 300 feet (21.3 to 91.4 meters).
Any location tracking or location-based service system will use one or a combination of these technologies. The system requires that a node or tag be placed on the object, animal or person being tracked. For example, the GPS receiver in a cell phone or an RFID tag on a DVD can be used to track those devices with a detection system such as GPS satellites or RFID receivers. Companies and factories are finding location-tracking technologies ideal for better management of their vehicles and goods.
Wide-Area Tracking
On a large scale, companies must track their vehicle fleets across the country or the world. GPS is the ideal tracking technology for tracking over large areas which can be simply implemented by providing each vehicle with a GPS receiver. As the vehicle travels, GPS satellites track the truck's position. However, GPS has limited applications in smaller areas.
Local-Area and Indoor Tracking
A good example of where GPS would not be suitable for locating items is in hospitals. The accuracy provided by GPS is not sufficient for such a small scale.
[attachment=27767]
Abstract:
Through this paper, we have tried to present the use of a rapidly expanding technology, i.e. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for location tracking purposes-which is one particular application. We have gone about the task by dealing with the different types of RFID tags available for this purpose, explaining the basic working principle, with adequate figures to present our point. As the title of the paper indicates we intend to use RFID in location tracking so that location tracking may be more accurate and sophisticated.
Indexing Terms-GPS, Inductive and Capacitive RFID Tags.
Introduction:
A basic RFID system consists of three basic components viz. an antenna or a coil, a transceiver (with decoder) and a transponder (RF Tag) electronically programmed with unique information. The electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags are expected continually. Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader which can be configured either as a handled or a fixed mount device. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone it detects the reader’s activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag’s integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing. Data within a tag may provide identification for an item in manufacture goods in transit, a location, the identity of a vehicle, an animal or an individual.
The reader can emit radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 ft or even more depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. RFID tags also come in wide variety of shapes and sizes. Animal tracking tags inserted beneath the skin, can be as small as a pencil cell in diameter.
RFID tags are categorized as either active or passive. Active RFID tags are powered by an internal battery. The battery-supplied power of an active tag generally gives it a longer read range. The trade off is greater size, greater cost, and a limited operational life (which may yield a maximum of 10 years, depending upon operating temperature and battery type.)
Passive RFID tags operate without a separate external power source and obtain operating power generated from the reader. Passive tags are consequently much lighter than active tags, less expensive, and offer a virtually unlimited operational lifetime. Read-only tags are typically passive and are programmed with a unique set of data (usually 32 to 128 bits) that cannot be modified. Controlled access to vehicles, depot facilities being typical, automated toll collection for roads and bridges - since the 1980s, electronic Road-Pricing (ERP) systems have been used in Hong Kong.
Technologies prevalent for location tracking:
Location tracking cannot be classified as one, single technology. It can be rather defined as the convergence of several other technologies, which can be used to track things as banal as livestock.
Some of the current technologies being used for location-tracking and location-based systems include:
• Global Positioning System (GPS) – It uses a consortium of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites. A GPS receiver, like the one in our mobile phones, can locate four or more of these satellites, a larger number leading to better accuracy, figure out the distance to each, and deduce your location through basic geometry. For this to work, it must have a clear line of sight to these four or more satellites. GPS was basically designed for the bigger picture, like tracking over the whole world like in military applications.
An Impression of the GPS Constellation
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) - Miniature, battery-less microchips that can be attached to consumer goods, cattle, vehicles and other objects to track their movements. RFID tags are passive and transmit data only when prompted by a reader. The reader transmits radio waves that activate the RFID tag. The tag then transmits information via a pre-determined radio frequency. This information is received and transmitted to a central database. Other possible uses for RFID tags are a replacement for traditional UPC bar codes.
• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) - Network of devices that connect via radio frequency, such as 802.11b. These devices pass data over radio waves and provide users with a network with a range of 70 to 300 feet (21.3 to 91.4 meters).
Any location tracking or location-based service system will use one or a combination of these technologies. The system requires that a node or tag be placed on the object, animal or person being tracked. For example, the GPS receiver in a cell phone or an RFID tag on a DVD can be used to track those devices with a detection system such as GPS satellites or RFID receivers. Companies and factories are finding location-tracking technologies ideal for better management of their vehicles and goods.
Wide-Area Tracking
On a large scale, companies must track their vehicle fleets across the country or the world. GPS is the ideal tracking technology for tracking over large areas which can be simply implemented by providing each vehicle with a GPS receiver. As the vehicle travels, GPS satellites track the truck's position. However, GPS has limited applications in smaller areas.
Local-Area and Indoor Tracking
A good example of where GPS would not be suitable for locating items is in hospitals. The accuracy provided by GPS is not sufficient for such a small scale.