27-05-2014, 10:33 AM
Immunization
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Active immunity
Resistance developed in response to stimulus by an antigen (infecting agent or vaccine) and is characterized by the production of antibodies by the host.
Passive immunity
Immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host. It may be acquired naturally or artificially (through an antibody-containing preparation).
Immunoglobulins
There are 5 major classes: IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD.
Two types of immunoglobulin preparations are available for passive immunization:
Normal human immunoglobulin
Specific (hyper-immune) human immunoglobulin
Live attenuated (avirulent) vaccines
Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to become attenuated and avirulent but antigenic. They have lost their capacity to induce full-blown disease but retain their immunogenicity.
Live attenuated vaccines should not be administered to persons with suppressed immune response due to:
Leukemia and lymphoma
Other malignancies
Receiving corticosteroids and anti-metabolic agents
Radiation
pregnancy
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or chemicals but remain antigenic. They are usually safe but less effective than live attenuated vaccines. The only absolute contraindication to their administration is a severe local or general reaction to a previous dose.
Application of active immunization
Infants and children expanded immunization program (schedule)
Active immunization for adult females
Vaccination for special occupations
Vaccination for special life styles
Vaccination for special environmental situations
Vaccinations for special health status persons
Vaccinations in travel
Vaccines against bioterrorism