06-01-2012, 11:31 AM
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06-01-2012, 11:31 AM
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07-01-2012, 10:08 AM
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07-02-2012, 10:53 AM
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07-02-2012, 06:52 PM
14-02-2012, 03:48 PM
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18-02-2012, 10:51 AM
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02-03-2012, 10:19 AM
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06-03-2012, 03:22 PM
Digital Watermarking
digital_watermarking.pdf (Size: 497.11 KB / Downloads: 202) Introduction 1More information is transmitted in a digital format now than ever, and the growth in this trend will not plateau in the foreseeable future. Digital information is susceptible to having copies made at the same quality as the original. There are many types of digital information and data. The types concentrated on in this report are: • Digital Images • Digital Audio, and • Digital Videos A watermark is 2A pattern of bits inserted into a digital image, audio or video file that identifies the file's copyright information (author, rights, etc.). The name “watermark” is derived from the faintly visible marks imprinted on organisational stationery. Unlike printed watermarks, which are intended to be somewhat visible (like the very light compass stamp watermarking this report), digital watermarks are designed to be completely invisible, or in the case of audio clips, inaudible. Technical Details Digital watermarking technology makes use of the fact that the human eye has only a limited ability to observe differences. Minor modifications in the colour values of an image are subconsciously corrected by the eye, so that the observer does not notice any difference. While vendors of digital watermarking schemes do not publicly release the exact methods used to create their watermarks, they do admit to using the following basic procedure (with obvious variations and additions by each vendor). Images These are some of the methods that can be used to test whether a watermark can survive different changes to the image it is embedded in. Compare this Original Image with the attacked images below, and see if you can spot any changes in quality.
11-03-2012, 06:26 PM
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12-03-2012, 10:40 AM
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29-06-2012, 11:43 AM
Digital watermarking
Digital watermarking.docx (Size: 12.84 KB / Downloads: 34) One application of watermarking is in copyright protection systems, which are intended to prevent or deter unauthorized copying of digital media. In this use, a copy device retrieves the watermark from the signal before making a copy; the device makes a decision whether to copy or not, depending on the contents of the watermark. Another application is in source tracing. A watermark is embedded into a digital signal at each point of distribution. If a copy of the work is found later, then the watermark may be retrieved from the copy and the source of the distribution is known. This technique reportedly has been used to detect the source of illegally copied movies. In invisible digital watermarking, information is added as digital data to audio, picture, or video, but it cannot be perceived as such (although it may be possible to detect that some amount of information is hidden in the signal). The watermark may be intended for widespread use and thus, is made easy to retrieve or, it may be a form of steganography, where a party communicates a secret message embedded in the digital signal. In either case, as in visible watermarking, the objective is to attach ownership or other descriptive information to the signal in a way that is difficult to remove. It also is possible to use hidden embedded information as a means of covert communication between individuals.
06-07-2012, 10:39 AM
DIGITAL WATERMARKING
DIGITAL WATERMARKING.pptx (Size: 348.8 KB / Downloads: 43) Introduction A digital watermark is a digital signal or pattern inserted into a digital document such as text, graphics or multimedia, and carries information unique to the copyright owner, the creator of the document or the authorized consumer. The term ‘watermark’ was introduced near the end of the 18th century. It was probably given because the marks resemble the effects of water on paper. Terminologies Watermarking- as opposed to steganography – in an ideal world can resists attacks. Thus, even if the existence of the hidden information is known, it should be difficult for an attacker to remove the embedded watermark, even if the algorithmic principle is known. Copy protection- attempts to find ways, which limits the access to copyrighted material and/or inhibit the copy process itself. Copyright protection- inserts copyright information into the digital object without the loss of quality. Whenever the copyright of a digital object is in question, this information is extracted to identify the rightful owner. Framewrok Watermarking is the process that embeds data called ‘watermark’ into a media such that watermark can be detected or extracted later to make an assertion about the media. For example, digital watermarking technique for images is to add a visible seal to the existing image. Watermarking Types Visible watermark is a secondary translucent overlaid into the primary image Invisible watermark is hidden in the content. It can be detected by an authorized agency only. Public watermark: Such a watermark can be read or retrieved by anyone using the specialized algorithm. Fragile watermarking technique A watermark is said to be fragile if the watermark hidden within the host signal is destroyed as soon as the watermarked signal undergoes any manipulation. When a fragile watermark is present in a signal, we can infer, with a high probability, that the signal has not been altered.
07-07-2012, 01:09 PM
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04-10-2012, 11:17 AM
Digital Watermarking
Digital Watermarking.doc (Size: 738.5 KB / Downloads: 47) Introduction The popularity of World Wide Web demonstrated the commercial potential of offering multimedia resources through the digital networks. Since commercial interests seek to use the digital network to offer digital media for profit, they have a strong interest in protecting their ownership rights. The digital data can be processed, accessed, and it can be transmitted very quickly using networks. There are numerous technical, legal, and organizational problems which arise when there is wide scale use of digital documents. Digital information can be copied any number of times from one medium to another; they can be transmitted through networks, etc., all without compromising the quality of the data. There is no way to distinguish between an original electronic documents and its copy. It is easy to change any part of an un protected electronic document. One possibility here is to replace original signatures with cryptographic methods .Digital signature is data items formed by the signatory and created from the document that is to be signed. It relates the documents to the signatory in a secure and reliable way. The signature of one document cannot be used to sign another, even if the two documents in question differ by just a single character. Digital watermarking has been proposed as one way to accomplish this. Also advanced Internet services enabled the users to create copy and distribute multimedia products such as audio, video, and still images with much ease and less effort, minimum or no cost, and in less time. Though it encouraged trading on the Internet, but on the other hand it has created the problem of illegal copying or copyright infringement. E-commerce has become a significant business with well-established online shopping services, and online delivery of digital media such as audio and video. Thus, protection of digit alrights assumed a primary importance in the digital age. History of Watermarking Although paper was invented in China over a thousand years ago, the Europeans only began to manufacture it in the 11th and 12th centuries, after Muslims had established the first paper mills in Spain. Soon after its invention, Chinese merchants and missionaries transmitted paper, and knowledge of papermaking, to neighboring lands such as Japan, Korea, and Central Asia. It was there that Muslims first encountered it in the 8th century. Islamic civilization spread knowledge of paper and papermaking to Iraq, Syria, Egypt, North Africa and finally, Spain .Most accounts of the history of paper focus either on its Origins in China or its development in Europe, and simply disregard the centuries when knowledge of paper and papermaking spread throughout the Islamic lands. Some of this neglect is due to the difficulty of studying Islamic paper, since Islamic papers, unlike later European papers, do not have watermarks and are consequently very difficult to localize and date .This explains why the oldest watermarked paper found in archives dates back to 1292, in Fabriano, Italy. The marks were made by adding thin wire patterns to the paper molds. The paper would be slightly thinner where the wire was and hence more transparent. At the end of 13th century about 40 paper mills were sharing the paper market in Fabriano and producing paper with different format, quality and price. Competition was very high and it was difficult for any party to keep track of paper provenance and thus format and quality identification. The introduction of watermarks was the best method to eliminate any possibility of confusion. The digitization of today’s world has expanded the watermarking concept to include digital approaches for use in authenticating ownership claims and protecting proprietary interests . Overview of Digital Watermarking Information hiding (or data hiding) is a general term encircling a wide range of problems beyond the embedding messages in content. The term hiding can refer to either for information imperceptibility (watermarking) or information secrecy (steganography). Watermarking and steganography are two important sub disciplines of information hiding that are closely related to each other and may be coincide but with different underlying properties, requirements and designs, thus result in different technical solutions .Steganography is a term derived from the Greek words steganos, which means “covered,” and graphia, which means “writing.” It is the art of concealed communication. The existence of a message is secret. Examples include invisible ink which would glow over a flame used by both the British and Americans to communicate secretly during the American Revolution and hidden text using invisible ink to print small dots above or below letters and by changing the heights of letter-strokes in texts used by German spies in World Wars. Watermarking which a term used back from paper watermarking, on the other hand has the additional concept of resilience against attempts to remove the hidden data. This is because the information hidden by watermarking systems is always associated to the digital object to be protected or its owner while stenographic systems just hide any information. Robustness criteria are also different since steganography mainly concerns with detection of hidden message while watermarking concerns potential removal by a pirate. Besides, steganography typically relates to covert point-to-point communication while watermarking is usually one-to-many Definition of Digital Watermarking Digital watermarking can be defined as the process of embedding embedding a certain piece of information (technically known as watermark) into multimedia content including text documents, images, audio or video streams, such that the watermark can be detected or extracted later to make an assertion about the data. A generalized watermark model consists of watermark encoding and detection processes as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 .The inputs to the embedding process are the watermark, the cover object and a secret key. The key is used to enforce security and to protect the watermark. The output of the watermarking scheme is the watermarked data. The channel for the watermarked data could be a lossy, noisy, unreliable channel. Thus the received data may be different from the original watermarked data. The inputs for extraction are the received watermarked data and the key corresponding to the embedding key. The output of the watermark recovery process is the recovered watermark
04-10-2012, 09:07 PM
Sir.
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