19-07-2016, 10:49 AM
The Internet is defined as the worldwide interconnection of individual networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties. Originally the Internet served to interconnect laboratories engaged in government research, and since 1994 it has been expanded to serve millions of users and a multitude of purposes in all parts of the world.
In a matter of very few years, the Internet consolidated itself as a very powerful platform that has changed forever the way we do business, and the way we communicate. The Internet, as no other communication medium, has given an International or, if you prefer, a "Globalized" dimension to the world. Internet has become the Universal source of information for millions of people, at home, at school, and at work.
Internet is changing all the time. Two things, in our opinion, have marked it's evolution recently: the social web and mobile technology. These two innovations have changed the way people use the Internet. In the social web people have found a new way to communicate. Since its creation in 2004, Facebook has grown into a worldwide network of over 1,000 million subscribers. Mobile technology, on the other hand, has made possible a much greater reach of the Internet, increasing the number of Internet users everywhere.
The Internet continues to be the most democratic of all the mass media. With a very low investment, anyone can have a web page in Internet. This way, almost any business can reach a very large market, directly, fast and economically, no matter the size or location of the business. With a very low investment, almost anybody that can read and write can have access and a presence in the World Wide Web. Blogging has consolidated the social media and the people everywhere are expressing and publishing their ideas and opinions like never before.
History of the Internet
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol). The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, NPL network, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. Donald Davies first designed a packet-switched network at the National Physics Laboratory in the UK, which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
Internet Growth
Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has grown exponentially in terms of numbers of networks connected to it. By 1985, 100 networks, both public domain and commercial utilizing TCP/IP protocol suite became available. By 1987, the number had grown to two hundred; in 1989, it exceeded five hundred and by the end of 1991, the Internet had grown to include some 5,000 networks in over 36 countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people.
Over the years, there has been wave of commercialization of the Internet. Originally, commercial efforts mainly comprised vendors providing the basic networking products, and service providers offering the connectivity and basic Internet services. The Internet has now become almost a "commodity" service, and much of the latest attention has been on the use of this global information infrastructure for support of other commercial services. This has been tremendously accelerated by the widespread and rapid adoption of browsers and the World Wide Web technology, allowing users easy access to information linked throughout the globe. New products developments in technology are readily accessible as downloads that are providing increasingly sophisticated information services on top of the basic Internet data communications.
Traffic and capacity of the public Internet grew at rates of about 100% per year in the early 1990s. There was then a brief period of explosive growth in 1995 and 1996. During those two years, traffic grew by a factor of about 100, which is about 1,000% per year. In 1997, it appeared that traffic growth has slowed down to about 100% per year and reports, such as U. S. Department of Commerce's The Emerging Digital Economy, which claim 1,000% growth rates for the Internet, appear to be inaccurate today, since they are based on a brief period of anomalously rapid growth a short while ago. Still, even a doubling each year is fantastically fast by the standards of the communications industry. If traffic on the Internet continues to double each year, data should exceed voice on U. S. long distance networks around the year 2002. Source: http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/coffman/
Determining the Number of Web Pages
In 1998 NEC Research Institute analyzed the overlap between search engines and estimated a lower bound limit on the size of the "publicly indexable Web" at 320 million pages (see below for more details). The "publicly indexable Web" excluded pages typically not indexed by the major search engines, e.g. pages behind search forms or authorization requirements. Therefore, this was a conservative estimate. In 2002, the number of web pages have increased significantly and include not only the "surface" Web, but also the "deep" Web.
The "Deep" Web vs The "Surface" Web
There are two groups of Web content. The "surface" Web, which everybody knows as the "Web," a group of static, publicly available web pages, which accounts for a relatively small portion of the entire Web. The other group is called the "deep" Web, which consists of specialized Web-accessible database and dynamic web sites, which are not widely known by "average" surfers, even though the information available on the "deep" Web is 400 to 550 times larger than the information on the "surface" Web.
The "deep" Web is content that resides in searchable databases, the results from which can only be discovered by a direct query. Without the directed query, the database does not publish the result. When queried, "deep" Web sites post their results as dynamic Web pages in real-time. Though these dynamic pages have a unique URL address that allows them to be retrieved again later, they are not persistent. Thus, to be discovered, "surface" Web pages must be static and linked to other pages. Traditional search engines cannot "see" or retrieve content in the deep Web, which by definition is dynamic content served up in real time from a database in response to a direct query.
Size of the Web
Public information on the deep Web is currently 400 to 550 times larger than the commonly defined World Wide Web. The "deep" Web, the fastest growing category of new information on the Internet, contains 7,500 terabytes of information, compared to 19 terabytes of information in the "surface" Web. The "deep" Web contains nearly 550 billion individual documents compared to the 2.5 billion individual documents of the "surface" Web that grows at a rate of 7.3 million pages per day. More than an estimated 100,000 "deep" Web sites presently exist. Sixty of the largest deep Web sites collectively contain about 750 terabytes of information – sufficient by themselves to exceed the size of the surface Web by 40 times. Source: http://www.brightplanetdeepcontent/deep_...hor_dwfaq5
In a matter of very few years, the Internet consolidated itself as a very powerful platform that has changed forever the way we do business, and the way we communicate. The Internet, as no other communication medium, has given an International or, if you prefer, a "Globalized" dimension to the world. Internet has become the Universal source of information for millions of people, at home, at school, and at work.
Internet is changing all the time. Two things, in our opinion, have marked it's evolution recently: the social web and mobile technology. These two innovations have changed the way people use the Internet. In the social web people have found a new way to communicate. Since its creation in 2004, Facebook has grown into a worldwide network of over 1,000 million subscribers. Mobile technology, on the other hand, has made possible a much greater reach of the Internet, increasing the number of Internet users everywhere.
The Internet continues to be the most democratic of all the mass media. With a very low investment, anyone can have a web page in Internet. This way, almost any business can reach a very large market, directly, fast and economically, no matter the size or location of the business. With a very low investment, almost anybody that can read and write can have access and a presence in the World Wide Web. Blogging has consolidated the social media and the people everywhere are expressing and publishing their ideas and opinions like never before.
History of the Internet
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol). The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, NPL network, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. Donald Davies first designed a packet-switched network at the National Physics Laboratory in the UK, which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
Internet Growth
Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has grown exponentially in terms of numbers of networks connected to it. By 1985, 100 networks, both public domain and commercial utilizing TCP/IP protocol suite became available. By 1987, the number had grown to two hundred; in 1989, it exceeded five hundred and by the end of 1991, the Internet had grown to include some 5,000 networks in over 36 countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people.
Over the years, there has been wave of commercialization of the Internet. Originally, commercial efforts mainly comprised vendors providing the basic networking products, and service providers offering the connectivity and basic Internet services. The Internet has now become almost a "commodity" service, and much of the latest attention has been on the use of this global information infrastructure for support of other commercial services. This has been tremendously accelerated by the widespread and rapid adoption of browsers and the World Wide Web technology, allowing users easy access to information linked throughout the globe. New products developments in technology are readily accessible as downloads that are providing increasingly sophisticated information services on top of the basic Internet data communications.
Traffic and capacity of the public Internet grew at rates of about 100% per year in the early 1990s. There was then a brief period of explosive growth in 1995 and 1996. During those two years, traffic grew by a factor of about 100, which is about 1,000% per year. In 1997, it appeared that traffic growth has slowed down to about 100% per year and reports, such as U. S. Department of Commerce's The Emerging Digital Economy, which claim 1,000% growth rates for the Internet, appear to be inaccurate today, since they are based on a brief period of anomalously rapid growth a short while ago. Still, even a doubling each year is fantastically fast by the standards of the communications industry. If traffic on the Internet continues to double each year, data should exceed voice on U. S. long distance networks around the year 2002. Source: http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/coffman/
Determining the Number of Web Pages
In 1998 NEC Research Institute analyzed the overlap between search engines and estimated a lower bound limit on the size of the "publicly indexable Web" at 320 million pages (see below for more details). The "publicly indexable Web" excluded pages typically not indexed by the major search engines, e.g. pages behind search forms or authorization requirements. Therefore, this was a conservative estimate. In 2002, the number of web pages have increased significantly and include not only the "surface" Web, but also the "deep" Web.
The "Deep" Web vs The "Surface" Web
There are two groups of Web content. The "surface" Web, which everybody knows as the "Web," a group of static, publicly available web pages, which accounts for a relatively small portion of the entire Web. The other group is called the "deep" Web, which consists of specialized Web-accessible database and dynamic web sites, which are not widely known by "average" surfers, even though the information available on the "deep" Web is 400 to 550 times larger than the information on the "surface" Web.
The "deep" Web is content that resides in searchable databases, the results from which can only be discovered by a direct query. Without the directed query, the database does not publish the result. When queried, "deep" Web sites post their results as dynamic Web pages in real-time. Though these dynamic pages have a unique URL address that allows them to be retrieved again later, they are not persistent. Thus, to be discovered, "surface" Web pages must be static and linked to other pages. Traditional search engines cannot "see" or retrieve content in the deep Web, which by definition is dynamic content served up in real time from a database in response to a direct query.
Size of the Web
Public information on the deep Web is currently 400 to 550 times larger than the commonly defined World Wide Web. The "deep" Web, the fastest growing category of new information on the Internet, contains 7,500 terabytes of information, compared to 19 terabytes of information in the "surface" Web. The "deep" Web contains nearly 550 billion individual documents compared to the 2.5 billion individual documents of the "surface" Web that grows at a rate of 7.3 million pages per day. More than an estimated 100,000 "deep" Web sites presently exist. Sixty of the largest deep Web sites collectively contain about 750 terabytes of information – sufficient by themselves to exceed the size of the surface Web by 40 times. Source: http://www.brightplanetdeepcontent/deep_...hor_dwfaq5