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1.1 Overview of the project
Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is unquestionably the largest livelihood provider in India, more so in the vast rural areas. It also contributes a significant figure to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The environmental impact of agriculture varies based on the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world. The environmental impact of agriculture involves a variety of factors from the soil, to water, the air, animal and soil diversity, people, plants, and the food itself. The largest issue that arises with agriculture is climatic condition. Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes which take place on a world wide scale. The environmental impact of agriculture can vary depending on the region as well. A number of different factors can cause agricultural productivity to increase or decrease. It is important to note that productivity is not an absolute measure, but rather a reflection of the ratio between inputs and outputs. Rainfall is the primary factor affecting crop production in rain-fed agriculture. Hence it is necessary to know the rainfall range required for a crop growth. Altitude affects temperature so it also affects farming. Altitude of a place should also be noted. Water is obviously a key factor in plant growth. The greater the average temperature the greater the amount of water required for plant growth. Seasonal variation is important as different crops require water at different times. Thus depending upon the temperature and the rainfall the crop plantation varies.
The richness of soil is another important physical factor affecting agriculture. Soils differ in respect of physical and chemical composition. Soils may be fine or coarse, porous or non-porous. In general fine soils like loam or silt are very fertile. The chemical composition of the soil determines its productivity.
Generally, the soils which are found at the place of their origin, known as residual soils, are poorer than those which have been transported from the place of their origin. The transported soils are rich and have a variety of minerals in them. The transported soils are: (a) loess, transported by wind (b) alluvial, transported by river water © glacial, transported by glaciers.
The fertility of the soils decreases with constant cultivation. Soils become infertile if the fertility is not renewed. This can be achieved by leaving the land fallow, by rotation of crop and by use of manures and fertilizers. Soil type will influence crop cultivation because different crops prefer different soils. Clay soils with their high water retention are well suited to rice whilst sandy soils with good drainage are good for root vegetables. Soil type can be influenced through the input of lime, clay or fertilizer. Hence the pH Level, soil type etc should be noted for a crop plantation. Soil pH is a characteristic that describes the relative acidity or alkalinity of the soil. The availability of some plant nutrients is greatly affected by soil pH. Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), and Sulphur (S) are major plant nutrients that appear to be less affected directly by soil pH than many others, but still are to some extent. Phosphorus (P), however, is directly affected. Hence nutrient level of the soil is an important factor.
The crop growing season also affects the crop growth. The period at which the crop should be planted should also be considered.
Proper nutrition is essential for satisfactory crop growth and production. The use of soil tests can help to determine the status of plant available nutrients to develop fertilizer recommendations to achieve optimum crop production. The profit potential for farmers depends on producing enough crops per acre to keep production costs below the selling price. Efficient application of the correct types and amounts of fertilizers for the supply of the nutrients is an important part of achieving profitable yields.
Most fertilizers that are commonly used in agriculture contain the three basic plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Some fertilizers also contain certain "micronutrients," such as zinc and other metals that are necessary for plant growth. Materials that are applied to the land primarily to enhance soil characteristics (rather than as plant food) are commonly referred to as soil amendments.
The chemical fertilizers can be broadly classified into: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. A straight fertilizer contains only one of the nutrients. A compound fertilizer contains two or more nutrients. A well-balanced supply of nutrients increases yields and enhances crop quality, both of which are necessary to support growing demand.
1.2 Problem Definition
The project entitled as “An Elegant Crop Cultivation Analysis System for Green Revolution” bridges the gap between the SME’s and the farmers. This project acts as a tool comforting farmers to access details over specific crops, nutrient necessity of the crops, the soil type, factors affecting crop growth, crops that can be planted in specific area etc. Thus this system supports farmers to perform agriculture in an enhanced way.
1.3 The Cultivation Analysis System
The “Cultivation Analysis System” targets in providing a comfortable solution to the farmers in various aspects of agro oriented queries. Various agro oriented system exits but do not provide an integrated information on agricultural phenomenon. Crop factors based analyses, Location analyses, Fertilizer analyses are not performed in a depth manner in the existing systems.
Agriculture is performed under consideration of multiple factors. Hence while developing an agro based system these factors must be analyzed deeply. This analysis system completely analysis the factors and their dependency and provides an integrated information to the users. The factors like season, temperature, rainfall, altitude, nutritional levels etc can be known for a crop. These geographical features play an important role in a crop growth. A crop should be grown within a particular period/month. Since that particular climatic condition of that month will be suitable for that crop. The climatic condition of that month includes the temperature, rainfall etc. As already said the temperature is also affected by the altitude of that place. Hence these factor details are definitely required for a crop production.
Hence after analyzing region and its features, crop plantation must be done. Nutrient level of the soil can be known through the soil test results. Soil test can be done in various centers which are specifically developed for doing research over soils. By using various fertilizers their soil nutrient level can be improved. Here the knowledge about the nutrient level of chemical fertilizers is necessary. This analysis system provides those details. There exist multiple crops that can be grown in a particular place with similar climatic conditions. Thus analyzing which crop gives a higher input is necessary. This analysis supports the farmers to choose a best crop with higher yield. The process of analyzing can be done by performing comparisons between the crops. This comparison can be made with the market price and the user’s location preference.
1.3.1 Purpose of the Cultivation Analysis System
The main purpose of the cultivation analysis system is to provide depth information on agro factors. Agro factors are chosen in multiple dimensions and their dependencies are measured and integrated.
CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System Analysis helps to know about the features of both the existing system and the proposed system and through this, how far the proposed system is better than the existing system could be understood.
2.1 Existing System
The features of the existing system are as follows.
The existing system of the project is static so that the farmers could not analyze over various crops and various factors affecting crop growth.
The farmers could not get definite details about the nutrient level and the fertilizer necessary to fulfill the soil nutrient that is insufficient.
Multiple agricultural factors exist. Before planting a crop they must be considered and then the crop must be planted. The existing systems provide information over the specific factors alone.
They provide historical information about the crop.
2.1.1 Limitations of the existing system
The following are the drawbacks of the existing system.
Do not provide integrated information on crop growth.
Do not fulfill or support decision making completely.
As multiple agricultural factors exist analysis over some factors alone cannot provide sufficient information for crop plantation.
Choosing a crop on analysis over only few factors is not effective.
2.2 Proposed System
The following are the features of the proposed system that helps to overcome the drawbacks faced in the existing system.
This agro based project is a completely dynamic web based system ensuring complete satisfaction of the farmers providing the required details.
Analyzing multiple factors like crop based factors, location based factors, and fertilizers etc provide sufficient information for choosing a crop for plantation.
2.2.1 Advantages of the proposed system
The statements given below are the benefits of the proposed system which fulfills the limitations of the existing system.
User friendly.
A complete Decision Support System.
Effective in providing crop details.
Provides suggestions for crop plantation.
Economical factor is also considered.
Outcome on planting a crop can also be manipulated.
2.3 Feasibility Study
The main objective of the feasibility study is to treat the technical, operational, logical and economic feasibility of developing the computerized system. All systems are feasible, given unlimited resources and infinite time. It is both necessary and prudent to evaluate the feasibility of the project at system study phase itself.
The feasibility study to be conducted for this project involves
• Technical Feasibility
• Operational Feasibility
• Economic Feasibility
2.3.1 Technical Feasibility
• It is easy to use.
• Available through internet.
• Anyone can use no need technical knowledge.
2.3.2 Operational Feasibility
• Removes manual work.
• No chance for manual error.
• No extra programming or other skills are required.
• Faster work.
2.3.3 Economical Feasibility
• There is no need of special training to use this software.
• No extra hardware cost.
• User can access this site through internet. No cost for access.
• The software being used is completely open source. Hence no expense in buying software.
2.4 Software Requirements
The project on “Cultivation Analysis System” requires the following system requirements.
Server Side
• Server OS : Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
• Web Server : Apache Tomcat 7.0
• DBMS : MySQL 5.6.22
• Language : Java 1.6
• Framework : Struts 2.3.20
• Reports : Jasper Reports 5.6.0
• RIA : CMS based
Client Side
• Client OS : Windows 7 (or) 8.
• Tools : Browsers like Chrome, IE, and Fire Fox etc.
2.5 Hardware Requirements
The following are the hardware requirements to install the project.
• Processor : Intel i3
• Hard Disk : 40GB
• RAM : 4GB
2.6 Software Description
Java
Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, secured and object-oriented programming language. Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs is known as a platform. Since Java has its own runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called platform [1]. As java is a completely platform independent and an open source software, this project on cultivation system analysis can run on any platform and it is inexpensive.
Struts 2
The Struts 2 framework is used to develop MVC (Model View Controller) based web applications. Struts 2 are the combination of web work framework of open symphony and struts 1.
struts2 = web work + struts1
The Struts 2 provides supports to POJO based actions, Validation Support, AJAX Support, Integration support to various frameworks such as Hibernate, spring, Tiles etc, support to various result types such as Free marker, Velocity, JSP etc [2]. As struts 2 framework is an open source, using struts 2 in this project is inexpensive. As the project uses MVC pattern, making changes in a particular phase wouldn’t disturb the complete system.
Servlet
Servlet technology is used to create web application (resides at server side and generates dynamic web page).Servlet technology is robust and scalable because of java language. Before Servlet, CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripting language was popular as a server-side programming language. There are many interfaces and classes in the servlet API such as Servlet, GenericServlet, HttpServlet, ServletRequest, and ServletResponse etc [2]. As it is an open source it doesn’t increase the project cost. Hence it supports advanced java programming.
JSP
JSP overcomes almost all the problems of Servlet. It provides better separation of concern, now presentation and business logic can be easily separated. It is not needed to redeploy the application if JSP page is modified. JSP provides support to develop web application using JavaBeans, custom tags and JSTL so that the business logic can be put in a separate from our JSP that will be easier to test and debug [3]. It is inexpensive as it is an open source. Hence this project too is inexpensive. It supports good presentation and communication link between servlets.
POJO
In struts 2, action class is POJO (Plain Old Java Object) i.e. a simple java class. Here, the users are not forced to implement any interface or inherit any class [2].It is quiet easy to assign values to the variables is quiet easy using getter, setter methods. The whole object can be passed between different platforms.
MySQL
MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big businesses. MySQL is developed, marketed, and supported by MySQL AB, which is a Swedish company. MySQL is becoming so popular because of many good reasons:
• MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing to pay to use it.
• MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large subset of the functionality of the most expensive and powerful database packages.
• MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.
In this project MySQL is inexpensive as it is an open source. It is also very simple to handle [4].
Jasper Reports
Jasper Report is an open source java reporting engine, which unlike other reporting tools, for example, Crystal Reports, is Java based and doesn't have its own expression syntax. Jasper Reports has the ability to deliver rich content onto the screen, to the printer, or into PDF, HTML, XLS, RTF, ODT, CSV, TXT and XML files. As it is not a standalone tool, it cannot be installed on its own. Instead, it is embedded into Java applications by including its library in the application's CLASSPATH. Jasper Reports is a Java class library, and is not meant for end users, but rather is targeted towards Java developers who need to add reporting capabilities to their applications.
In this project making use of the Jasper reports is inexpensive as it is an open source. Jasper Reports is simple to handle as well as makes complex tasks very simple.
Apache Tomcat 7.0
The open source Apache Tomcat Java server is among the most popular ways of deploying Java applications, and significant updates have been few and far between. Now, however, four years after its last major release, the Apache Tomcat project this week introduced Apache Tomcat 7, ushering in a number of enhancements.
The open source Tomcat 7 Java app server leverages some of the new Java EE 6 specifications formally ratified at the end of 2009. In addition, new performance and security features are also baked into Tomcat 7, and its developers say the server is intended to provide an easy migration path for Java applications that already run on Tomcat 5.5 and 6.x.This web server is inexpensive as it is an open source.
CMS
A content management system is a computer application that allows publishing, editing and modifying content, organizing, deleting as well as maintenance from a central interface. This system of content management provides procedures to manage workflow in a collaborative environment. These procedures can be manual steps or an automated cascade.
CMSs are often used to run websites containing blogs, news, and shopping. Many corporate and marketing websites use CMSs. CMSs typically aim to avoid the need for hand coding, but may support it for specific elements or entire pages. In this project as CMS is an open source it is completely inexpensive. CMS also provides a supportive platform to run various components together.
Drupal
Drupal became one of the most comprehensive CMS systems available. The script has a very specific programming environment, which could be described well as a programmer's platform than a simple CMS script. The script as an Open Source is chosen by many programmers who outgrew simpler scripts like Quick.Cms or WordPress. Drupal is also inexpensive and it adds an interactive environment to my project.
JUnit
JUnit is an open source framework that has been designed for the purpose of writing and running tests in the Java programming language. JUnit was originally written by Erich Gamma and Kent Beck. There are many ways to write test cases. A test case is a code fragment that checks that another code unit (method) works as expected. If an accurate and efficient testing process is needed then using a good testing framework is recommended. JUnit has established a good reputation in this scenario. On using a framework, like JUnit, in order to develop test cases it has a number of advantages, most important being that others will be able to understand test cases and easily write new ones and that most development tools enable for automated and / or one click test case execute.
It is also inexpensive and it is a simple tool to perform unit test. Each and every module is tested effectively.
I-Reports
• I-Reports is easy to use & good designer tool for jasper.
• It is very simple to handle for non -technical and technical users.
• It is an open source. Source codes can be accessed easily. It integrates well in the web application.
On using iReports in the project the needed format of report is chosen i.e. pdf format. As it is an open source using iReports is inexpensive.