23-09-2016, 01:46 PM
1455861892-EarthquakesPresentationOlsonHARSHADA.ppt (Size: 1.45 MB / Downloads: 7)
What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is a sudden release of energy due to shifts in the earth’s plates that has been stored in the rocks beneath the earth’s surface which causes a trembling or shaking of the ground. The energy that is released from the ruptured rock travels in waves which are known as seismic waves.There are two types of seismic waves; body waves which travel through the interior of Earth and surface waves which travel on Earth's surface. The two body waves are primary waves (p-waves) and secondary waves (s-waves).
The compressional (push-pull) wave will vibrate parallel to the direction that the wave is traveling up to speeds of 4 to 8 km per second (2.49 to 4.35 miles per second). The S-wave vibrates perpendicular to the direction of travel and can travel up to speeds of 2 to 5 km per second ( 1.24 to 3.11 miles per second).
Love waves and Raleigh waves are known as Surface waves. Surface waves are the slowest of the seismic waves, but because they travel near the surface of Earth and contain a range of oscillating frequencies they often cause the most damage
Plate Tectonics
A spreading boundary is where the tectonic plates are separating. These are places where volcanic activity is at a premium because the crust is being torn open (as in splitting and cracking, like an egg breaking open). New crust is forming when molten lava from deep down oozes out of the cracks where the plates are coming apart .
What do Architects do?
Architects design buildings and structures. They advise individuals, property
owners and developers, community groups, local authorities and commercial
organizations on the design and construction of new buildings, the reuse of
existing buildings and the spaces which surround them.
Architects work closely with other members of the construction industry
including engineers, builders, surveyors, local authority planners and building
control officers. Much of their time is spent visiting sites assessing the
feasibility of a project, inspecting
building work or managing the
construction process. They will
also spend time researching old
records and drawings, and
testing new ideas and construction
techniques. Society looks to
architects to define new and better
ways of living and working, to
develop innovative ways of using
existing buildings and creating new
ones. Architects can be extremely
influential as well as admired for their
imagination and creative skills.
What do Structural Engineers do?
Structural engineering's combine their knowledge
of science and design making as they construct
better framework for buildings and other structures
to safely resist natural and
made-made forces.
They are involved in physical
testing, mathematical modeling,
computer simulation all of
which support decisions that
Aid in the creation and maintenance
of safe and economical structures.
What is Earthquake Engineering?
Earthquake engineers are concerned with creating earthquakes resistant designs and construction techniques to build of all kinds
of bridges, roads and buildings.
Earthquake engineers are faced with many uncertainties and must be smart in their decisions in developing safe solutions to challenging problems. They rely on state-of-the-art technology, materials science, laboratory testing and field monitoring.