05-11-2016, 09:49 AM
1464891545-ProjectReport.pdf (Size: 373.24 KB / Downloads: 25)
INTRODUCTION:
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The
point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The
possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and shown the social status of man. Every human being has an inherent
liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved
by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for
comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
• A Peaceful environment.
• Safety from all natural source & climate conditions
• General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of
future, aeration, ventilation etc. in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.
3. DEMAND OF HOUSES:
The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation.
The house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance
against physical insecurity of all kinds. The special features of the demand for housing
consist of in its unique nature and depend on the following factors.
• Availability of cheap finance.
• Availability of skilled labors.
• Availability of transport facility.
• Cost of labors & material of construction.
• Predictions of future demand.
• Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term
payment may facilities investment in housing.
• Rate of population growth and urbanization.
• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.
• Taxation policy on real estates
• Town planning & environmental conditions.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY
GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS
GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS
GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS
GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS
GROUP-I HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:
These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for
normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes
single or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses,
restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.
EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly
buildings.
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or
care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of
infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of
the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping
accommodation for the occupants.
ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement,
recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls,
museums, places of work ship, etc.
BUSINESS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and
records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts
houses, libraries. The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public
business and keeping of books and records.
MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise
either wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of
merchandise and located in the same building.
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:
These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabrication, assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry
cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.
STORAGE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.
HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme
rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or
other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant
or corrosive gases processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust
which result in the division of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous
ignition.
5. SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY:
Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place
Where there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a
source of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only
because of present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to
are transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road
condition whether there is indication of future development or not in case of
undeveloped area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-
• Access to park & playground.
• Agriculture polytonality of the land.
• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.
• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land.
• Distance from places of work.
• Ease of drainage.
• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.
• Nature of use of adjacent area.
• Transport facilities.
• Wind velocity and direction.
6. SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING:
Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during reconnaissance survey
of the site.
• Site is located nearly.
• The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the
entire area.
• No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.
• The ground is soft.
• Labor available near by the site.
• Houses are located near by the site.
• Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of the
required areas of the site with the help of theodolite and compass.
7. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people
& depends on the income &status of the individual a highly rich family with require a
luxurious building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house for even
poor class family. A standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing
room, dining room office room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room,
bath room, front verandah, stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be
reduced according to the requirements of many available.
8. BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS
• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.
• Open spaces around residential building.
• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.
• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.
• Provisions for safety from explosion.
• Provisions for means of access.
• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.
• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.
• Requirements for landscaping.
• Special requirements for low income housing.
• Size of structural elements.
9. ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS:
LIVING ROOM
• KITCHEN
• STORE ROOM
• BED ROOM
• OFFICE ROOM
• BATH & W C
• DRESSING ROOM
• VERANDAH
• STAIR CASE
LIVING ROOMS:
This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing room should be planned
near the entrance south east aspects. During colder day the sun is towards the south &
will receive sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer sunshine ti the
northern side & entry of sunrays from southern or south – east aspects do not arise.
KITCHEN:
Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the air.
READING ROOM/ CLASS ROOM:
North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be no sun from north side for
most part of the year.
BED ROOM:
Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size depends upon the number of
beds, they should be located so as to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair,
cupboard, etc., and they should have north or – west south – west aspect.
BATH & W.C:
Bath and w.c are usually combined in one room & attached to the bed room and should
be well finished. This should be filled with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, w.c,
shelves, towels, racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor should be mosaic or
white glazed files. Instead of providing all bed room with attached bath and W.C
separated baths & latrines may also be provided.
VERANDAH:
There should verandah in the front as well as in the rear. The front verandah serves
setting place for male members & weighting place for visitors. The back verandah serve
a ladies apartment for their sitting, working controlling, kitchen works etc., verandah
project the room against direct sun, rain & weather effect. They used as sleeping place
during the summer and rainy season & are used to keep various things verandah also
give appearance to the building. The area of a building may vary from 10% to 20% of
the building.
STAIR CASE:
This should be located in an easily accessible to all members of the family, when this is
intended for visitors it should be in the front, may be on one side of verandah. It meant
for family use only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case should be
well ventilated & lighted the middle to make it easy & comfortable to climb. Rises &
threads should be uniform through to keep rhythm while climbing or descending.
Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are as follows:-
•Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face.
•East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the wall.
• Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night.
• A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the rooms cool.
• To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through external doors & windows
Sun shades are required in all directions.
ORIENTATION:
After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building.
Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain,
topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both to the
street and back yard.
The factors that effects orientation most are as follows.
• Solar heat
• Wind direction
• Humidity
• Rain fall
• Intensity of wind site condition
• Lightings and ventilation
SOLAR HEAT:
Solar heat means sun’s heat; the building should receive maximum solar radiation in
winter and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to
know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.
WIND DIRECTION:
The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the house to
the maximum extent.
HUMIDITY:
High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes perspiration,
which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more
discomfort.
RAIN FALL:
Direction and intensity of rainfall affects the drainage of the site and building and
hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.
INTENSITY OF WIND:
Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of
comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.
SITE CONDITIONS:
Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects orientation,
sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular
direction.
LIGHTING:
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to
promote the work or other activities carried on within the building.
The second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create,
in conjunction to interest and of well beings.
VENTILATION:
Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable
conditions. Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper
ventilation. Sensations of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of
oxygen are the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust.
ASSUMPTIONS AND UNIT WEIGHTS:
ASSUMPTIONS:
External wall thickness = 250mm
Internal wall thickness = 125mm
Parapet wall thickness = 125mm
Parapet wall height = 1m
Beam size = 250mm x 600mm
Column size = 300mm x 300mm
Slab thickness = 130mm
UNIT WEIGHTS:
Unit weight of R.C.C = 25kn/m3
Unit weight of P.C.C = 24kn/m3
Unit weight of Terrace = 22kn/m3
Unit weight of Plaster = 20kn/m3
Unit weight of Floor Finish = 24kn/m3
Unit weight of Brick Wall = 22kn/m3
Calculation of intensity of load on roof:
100mm thick terrace = (0.1x1x22) = 2.2kn/m2
10mm ceiling plaster = (0.01x1x20) = 0.2kn/m2
130 mm slab = (0.130x1x25) = 3.25kn/m2
Total dead load = (2.2+0.2+3.25) = 5.65kn/m2
Calculation of intensity of load on floors:
40mm thickness floor finish = (0.04x1x24) = 0.96kn/m2
10mm ceiling plaster = (0.01x1x20) = 0.2kn/m2
130 mm slab = (0.130x1x25) = 3.25kn/m2
Total dead load = (0.96+0.2+3.25) = 4.41kn/m2
Life load calculation:
Life load = 3kn/m2
L.L. deduction by 10%for each floor
L.L. for ground floor = 3kn/m2
L.L. for 1st floor = 3kn/m2
L.L. for 2nd floor = 2.7kn/m2
L.L. for 3rd floor = 2.4kn/m2
L.L. for 4th floor = 2.1kn/m2
L.L. for 5th floor = 1.8kn/m2
L.L. for 6th floor = 1.5kn/m2
L.L. for roof = 1.2kn/m2
Total load (D.L. + L.L.) calculation:
1st floor D.L. + L.L. = (4.41+3) = 7.41kN/m2
2nd floor D.L. + L.L. = (4.41+2.7) = 7.11kN/m2
3rd floor D.L. + L.L. = (4.41+2.4) = 6.81kN/m2
4th floor D.L. + L.L. = (4.41+2.1) = 6.51kN/m2
5th floor D.L. + L.L. = (4.41+1.8) = 6.21kN/m2
6th floor D.L. + L.L. = (4.41+1.5) = 5.91kN/m2
Roof D.L. + L.L. = (5.65+1.2) = 6.85kN/m2
Calculation of load on columns:
Load on C1 column:
Roof to 6th floor:
Weight of parapet wall = 9.5kN
Weight of beam = 12.94kN
Weight of slab = 20.34kN
Weight of wall = 51.23kN
Weight of column = 6.07kN
Total load = 100.08kN
6th floor to 5th floor:
Weight of slab =17.55kN
Total load = 87.79kN
5th floor to 4th floor:
Weight of slab = 18.44kN
Total load = 88.68kN
4th floor to 3th floor:
Weight of slab = 19.33kN
Total load = 89.57kN
3rd floor to 2nd floor:
Weight of slab = 20.22kN
Total load = 90.46kN
2nd floor to 1st floor:
Weight of slab= 21.11kN
Total load = 91.35kN
1st floor to plinth level:
Weight of slab = 22kN
Total load = 92.24kN
Plinth level to ground level:
Weight of beam = 12.94kN
Weight of column = 2.25kN
Weight of wall = 19kN
Total load = 34.19kN
Total load on column C1 = 674.36kN
Load on C2 column:
Roof to 6th floor:
Weight of parapet wall = 8.91kN
Weight of beam = 18.34kN
Weight of slab = 36.62kN
Weight of wall = 60.36kN
Weight of column = 6.07kN
Total load = 130.30kN
6th floor to 5th floor:
Weight of slab = 31.6kN
Total load = 116.37kN
5th floor to 4th floor:
Weight of slab = 33.19kN
Total load = 117.96kN
4th floor to 3th floor:
Weight of slab = 34.8kN
Total load = 119.57kN
3rd floor to 2nd floor:
Weight of slab = 36.4kN
Total load = 121.17kN
2nd floor to 1st floor:
Weight of slab= 38kN
Total load = 122.77kN
1st floor to plinth level:
Weight of slab = 39.61kN
Total load = 124.38kN
Plinth level to ground level:
Weight of beam = 18.34kN
Weight of column = 2.25kN
Weight of wall = 22.35kN
Total load = 42.94kN
Total load on column C2 = 895.46kN
Load on C3 column:
Roof to 6th floor:
Weight of parapet wall = 8kN
Weight of beam = 17.21kN
Weight of slab = 33.22kN
Weight of wall = 55.91kN
Weight of column = 6.07kN
Total load = 120.41kN
6th floor to 5th floor:
Weight of slab = 28.67kN
Total load = 107.86kN
5th floor to 4th floor:
Weight of slab = 30.12kN
Total load = 109.31kN
4th floor to 3th floor:
Weight of slab = 31.58kN
Total load = 110.77kN
3rd floor to 2nd floor:
Weight of slab = 33.03kN
Total load = 112.22kN
2nd floor to 1st floor:
Weight of slab= 34.49kN
Total load = 113.68kN
1st floor to plinth level:
Weight of slab = 35.95kN
Total load = 115.13kN
Plinth level to ground level:
Weight of beam = 17.21kN
Weight of column = 2.25kN
Weight of wall = 20.7kN
Total load = 40.16kN
Total load on column C3 = 829.55kN
Load on C4 column:
Roof to 6th floor:
Weight of parapet wall = 8.66kN
Weight of beam = 11.81kN
Weight of slab = 16.95kN
Weight of wall = 46.78kN
Weight of column = 6.07kN
Total load = 90.26kN
6th floor to 5th floor:
Weight of slab = 14.62kN
Total load = 79.28kN
5th floor to 4th floor:
Weight of slab = 15.36kN
Total load = 80.02kN
4th floor to 3th floor:
Weight of slab = 16.11kN
Total load = 80.77kN
3rd floor to 2nd floor:
Weight of slab = 16.85kN
Total load = 81.51kN
2nd floor to 1st floor:
Weight of slab= 17.6kN
Total load = 82.25kN
1st floor to plinth level:
Weight of slab = 18.33kN
Total load = 83kN
Plinth level to ground level:
Weight of beam = 11.81kN
Weight of column = 2.25kN
Weight of wall = 17.32kN
Total load = 31.38kN
Total load on column C4 = 527.7kN
Load on C6 & C11 column:
Roof to 6th floor:
Weight of beam = 22.83kN
Weight of slab = 64.43kN
Weight of wall = 45.21kN
Weight of column = 6.07kN
Total load = 138.55kN
6th floor to 5th floor:
Weight of slab = 54.73kN
Total load = 128.84kN
5th floor to 4th floor:
Weight of slab = 57.51kN
Total load = 131.62kN
4th floor to 3th floor:
Weight of slab = 60.28kN
Total load = 134.4kN
3rd floor to 2nd floor:
Weight of slab = 63.06kN
Total load = 137.17kN
2nd floor to 1st floor:
Weight of slab= 65.85kN
Total load = 139.96kN
1st floor to plinth level:
Weight of slab = 68.62kN
Total load = 142.73kN
Plinth level to ground level:
Weight of beam = 22.83kN
Weight of column = 2.25kN
Weight of wall = 16.74kN
Total load = 41.82kN
Total load on column C6 & C11 = 995kN