04-02-2013, 09:28 AM
HYDROGEN: THE FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY
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Abstract:
The current world wide emphasis on reducing green house gas (GHG) emissions provides
an opportunity to revisit how energy is produced and used, consist with the need for human and
economic growth .GHG reduction strategies must include a greater penetration of electricity into
areas, such as transportation, that have been the almost exclusive domain of fossil fuels. An
opportunity for electricity to displace fossil fuels use is through electrolytic production of hydrogen.
Energy storage is essential to accommodate low capacity factor non-carbon sources such as wind
and solar.
INTRODUCTION:
The amount of waste hydrogen produced widely depending on the process in a particular
plan . This paper examines alternatives for plants that produce four metric tonnes of hydrogen
.Power generation greater than 1MW is the focus of this paper.
HYDROGEN BASICS:
The combustion of hydrogen produces no carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate or sulpher
emissions. As the conventional fuel of choice, progressed from wood to coal then to oil and natural
gas, the percentage of carbon in our fuel as declined and the percentage of hydrogen increased
.Taking this progressions to the extreme, one could argue that we will eventually be using 100%
hydrogen fuel without the motivation of environmental benefits.
Hydrogen has higher energy per unit of mass but lower energy per unit volume. By
weight hydrogen carries 3 times energy of our most --common fuels. The major down side of
hydrogen is its poor volumetric energy density, making storage and transportation a fundamental
challenge. To help resolve this problem the hydrogen industry is currently certifying 1000psi
hydrogen cylinders .Hydrogen is actually safer than media reports of the past suggest The small
size of the hydrogen molecule results in free hydrogen (a leak) dispersing very quickly in the
atmosphere, and it enhances of creating an explosion are somewhat less than conventional fossil
fuel vapors. The great advantage of many electro chemical plants are they continuous production
of hydrogen that may be utilized continuously to produce power.
FUEL CELL:
The fuel cell does not generate energy through burning; rather, it is based onan
electrochemical process. The energy conversion is twice as efficient as through
combustion. There are little or no harmful emissions. The only release is clean water.
Hydrogen, the simplest element consisting of one proton and one electron, is
plentiful and is exceptionally clean as a fuel. Hydrogen makes up 90% of the universe
and is the third most abundant element on the earth's surface. Such wealth of energy would
provide an almost unlimited amount of energy at relatively low fuel cost. But there is a price to pay.
The fuel cell core (or stack), which converts oxygen and hydrogen to electricity, is expensive to
build and maintain.
A fuel cell is electrolysis in reverse, using two electrodes separated by an electrolyte.
Hydrogen is presented to the negative electrode (anode) and oxygen to the positive electrode
(cathode). A catalyst at the anode separates the hydrogen into positively charged hydrogen ions
and electrons. On the Proton Exchange Membrane
(PEM) system, the oxygen is ionized and migrates across the electrolyte to the anodic
compartment where it combines with hydrogen. A single fuel cell produces 0.6-0.8 volts under load.
Several cells are connected in series to obtain higher voltages.
CONCLUSION:
The concept of interconnection of residential dwellings with the energy networks of
electricity, heat and hydrogen are present in this paper .It provides considerable effects on carbon
dioxide mitigation and energy conservation .The experimental systems are developed to improve
the analysis not only to those effects but also in schemes, rule and protocols of energy interchange
and operation of equipment .The analysis provide valuable data and information
The automotive industry has made huge investments and continuous to propel this
technology forward .Stationary fuel cells delivers are ramping up with increased reliability and
length of service .High temperature fuel cells for both cogeneration power plants and smaller power
plants for home use are been produced in increasing numbers.
Fuel cells offer a high degree of operational efficiency, zero emissions, and reduced
reliance on foreign petroleum. If the technological and infrastructure barriers can be remedied, fuel
cells provide enormous environmental, economic, and political benefits. If these benefits are to be
realized we must commit to the technological and infrastructure developments that are required
advancement