29-11-2012, 01:46 PM
OPTIMISATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY
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INTRODUCTION
Water management is a subject of increasing concern as demand grows, the major consumer of fresh water resources of the world is Irrigation. In India about 90% of water is used for irrigation. Because of rise in demand of water resources, the necessity of water management is becoming the need of the hour.
Irrigation water management is the process of determining and controlling the volume, frequency and application rate of irrigation water in a planned and efficient manner. Water is very important for growth of plants but excessive or less irrigation of fields leads to many problems.
1. Too much water is harmful for crop production. It is due to the reason that under excessive water seeds do not get sufficient air to respire.
2. Roots do not grow properly in a water logged field.
3. Excess water in field increases the amount of salt on surface of soil due to evaporation. The accumulation of salt damages the soil fertility.
Irrigation salinity occurs due to increased rates of leakage and groundwater recharge causing the water table to rise. Rising water tables can bring salts into the plant root zone which affects both plant growth and soil structure. The salt remains behind in the soil when water is taken up by plants or lost to evaporation.
Recharge rates in irrigation areas can be much higher than dry land areas due to leakage from both rainfall and irrigation. This causes potentially very high salinisation rates. Water tables within two meters of the soil surface indicate the potential for salts to accumulate at the soil surface.
Inefficient irrigation and drainage systems are a major cause of excess leakage and increase the risk of salinity and water logging in irrigation areas. Poor water distribution on paddocks results in some areas being under-irrigated, causing salts to accumulate (where water tables are high) and other areas being over-irrigated and waterlogged.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main object of this study is to make a review of optimization methods that are used to solve the water resources management problems.
More specifically, the basic idea of the project is the development and implementation of an optimization model that selects the quantity of water to be supplied from various sources and the quantities of water to be allocated to various users, in order to optimize the total water value, taking into account priorities in the demand and use of the resource, as well as sustainability considerations.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review presented below has been adapted from the review of the Literature documented from various papers. It is the result of an exhaustive review of the relevant literature over the course of this research. It provides the foundation on which the research presented in subsequent chapter is built upon and helps highlight the gaps in the literature that this research aims to fill.
Pradeep P Mujumdar (2002) gives a brief overview of some mathematical tools for irrigation
system operation, crop water allocations and performance evaluation is presented, with a discussion on the work carried out in India by the author’s team. Recent tools andtechniques of fuzzy optimization and fuzzy inference systems that incorporate imprecision in management goals and constraints and that address the interests of stakeholders are also discussed. Perceptions on issues relating to applicability of the tools to real-life problems, existing gaps between theory and practice and possible hurdles in narrowing such gaps in developing countries are presented.