17-09-2016, 10:39 AM
1455041644-clonerobot.docx (Size: 125.2 KB / Downloads: 5)
Introduction:
Working:
In this project we are going to develop two robots. First robot will master and second will be a slave robot. First robot will follow a line and second will be follow first robot. In this system we are going to develop master robot with two IR sensors and RF communication and second robot with RF communication for tracing first robot.We are using those component given below:
Resistance:A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance. Another type of resistor is made from winding Ni chrome or similar wire on an insulating form. This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than a carbon-composition resistor of the same physical size. However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not affect performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits because inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in frequency.
Capacitor: Just like the Resistor, the Capacitor, sometimes referred to as a Condenser, is a simple passive device that is used to “store electricity”. The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads used in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same thing, they store charge. In its basic form, a Capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric.
Diode: A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. Some diodes are comprised of metal electrodes in a chamber evacuated or filled with a pure elemental gas at low pressure. Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators. The fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to conduct electric current in only one direction. When the cathode is negatively charged relative to the anode at a voltage greater than a certain minimum called forward break over, then current flows through the diode. If the cathode is positive with respect to the anode, is at the same voltage as the anode, or is negative by an amount less than the forward break over voltage, then the diode does not conduct current. This is a simplistic view, but is true for diodes operating as rectifiers, switches, and limiters. The forward break over voltage is approximately six tenths of a volt (0.6 V) for silicon devices, 0.3 V for germanium devices, and 1 V for selenium devices.
Microcontroller: The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are limited to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The Short and Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051 models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these things are called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly language, and they all share certain features (although the different models all have their own special features).
Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:
• 4 KB on chip program memory.
• 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM)
[ 32 bank reg + 16 bit addressable reg + 80 general purpose reg ]
• 4 reg banks.
• 128 user defined software flags.
• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus
• 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
• 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
• Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
• Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
• 16-bit program counter and data pointer.
• 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.
8051 models may also have a number of special, model-specific features, such as UART, ADC, OpAmps, etc... it is a very powerful micro controller.
Dc motor: A separately excited DC motor has a field system having a separate power supply. The rated field current here is 1.6 Amp with 75 Ohms resistance. Accordingly Vf is chosen.Thearmature gets an excitation from the rectifier according to the firing angle chosen. As the firing angle decreases from 90 degrees towards zero, the voltage applied to the armature increases due to which the speed also increases. If the torque demanded is increased, then the armature current (la) drawn by the motor also increases. The inductance of the armature decided whether current can sustain itself f in a continuous manner or not even though firing angle may be large.
IR sensor: R Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold
Advantage:
Microcontrollers demand its advantage over Microprocessor in its cost reducing programs with simple circuitry.t is an integrated chip with all valuable components including RAM, ROM, I/O Ports which Microprocessor has to hire from outside. Moreover, the advantages of Microcontrollers over Microprocessors are very significant as it serves very specific function of controlling electronic automation with a consummate budget in contrast with Microprocessor that only maintains the general processing function of CPU in a costly operations. Though look alike, and serving the same purpose of Real Time application, the advantages of Microcontrollers place it higher in the market of Embedded System.
Limitation:
1.They have to track aline so if they turn too sharply or drift and lose the track they do not recover.
2.Can only track an angle based on minimum angle of mechanical structure so will lose track if the angle of line is too tight.