19-06-2012, 05:36 PM
railway reservation system
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INTRODUCTION
This project introduces railway reservation system . It explains how reservation is being done in Pakistan Railways . The step by stepprocedure is explained . This projectisdeveloped In microsoft access . Allmost all the features of access have been used in this project.Proper comments have been given at desired locations to make the project user friendly.Various functions and structures are used to make a complete use of this office.Thos project is well versed with the access . Railway reservation can easily accompanied with the help of this.
This project will help in solving all the problems in existing system of railway reservation system.In existing system all data will be stored on files which is akward method and many problems will be faced by the user so this project will help to enter data easily in computer nd no problems will be faced by the user.the user can easily find any data in any time in a few seconds. It includes modules required to successfully operate railway reversion process smoothly. It has train master to add modify train information, Train schedule to enter train journey details include all the station name, arrival time and departure time. It includes automatic fare calculation as per the distance between two stations. Reservation module consist of automatic seat no and coach no allocation system. Daily schedule for updating of not confirm seat and coach no. All master like train master, train schedule, reservation fees, cancellation fees charges can be modified individually from front end and changes reflect in all modules immediate. Therefore proposed “Railway Reservation System” has been designed to automate the process of railway for ticket reservation and back office activities. System can make the daily activities efficient and providing the fast response.
PROBLEM DEFINITION
File system data management (or flat-file databases) served as the only method of file storage and retrieval before the advent of database management systems (such as relational databases). While retaining some use, flat-file databases suffer from poor accessibility, data redundancy, lack of standard file access and the inability to organize data. In existing system of “RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM” only file system could be used and the disadvantages of file system can be as follow.
Since flat-file databases rely on files that contain records as text without any structural data, they cannot relate data from one file to another. For example, if one file contains an address record of Mr. Johnson, another file that uses address information on Mr. Johnson has to recreate that data. The second file must duplicate the data. This means that the address data on Mr. Johnson exists in two files at once. On large scales, this leads to data redundancy that can quickly take up space in the database and prove cost-inefficient.
Flat-file systems usually do not support access for multiple users. This means that multiple users at different workstations cannot access the same data simultaneously, limiting access to important data if multiple users search for the same data at the same time
Since a flat-file system relies on files to store data, it necessarily relies on the file system that defines how those files are stored and read. This ties data to the system that stores it, and any software used to access the data must conform to the system of storage. Accordingly, any changes to the database require changes to all the software that accesses it.
Requesting data from a flat-file database simply retrieves data from a single file. Requesting and retrieving data from various files at the same time (called a "transaction") is impossible. This means that complex requests that make data retrieval accurate and efficient simply do not exist.
SCOPE OF PROJECT
The scope of my project is to solve all existing problems in reservation system. Pakistan has some of the most spectacular and unforgettable rail journeys in the world. Here you experience a simple way .There's no better way to enjoy Pakistan's outback, cities, coastal towns and regional areas in comfort. Articles of house hold effects and personal effects which are required by the passengers during their journey or immediately after the journey will only be accepted for booking as luggage.
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS: A DBMS allows large amounts of data to be stored in the most efficient manner possible. The data is stored in lists of independent information. Additional data sets can be added at any time. Relationships between the data sets are defined in the DBMS, and can be altered without affecting the data.
Advantages
In a database system, the data is managed by the DBMS and all access to the data is through the DBMS providing a key to effective data processing. This contrasts with conventional data processing systems where each application program has direct access to the data it reads or manipulates. In a conventional DP system, an organization is likely to have several files of related data that are processed by several different application programs.
if some major changes were to be made to the data, the file may need to be rewritten. In a database system, the database management system provides the interface between the application programs and the data. When changes are made to the data representation, the metadata maintained by the DBMS is changed but the DBMS continues to provide data to application programs in the previously used way. The DBMS handles the task of transformation of data wherever necessary.
This independence between the programs and the data is called data independence. Data independence is important because every time some change needs to be made to the data structure, the programs that were being used before the change would continue to work.In DBMS, all files are integrated into one system thus reducing redundancies and making data management more efficient. In addition, DBMS provides centralized control of the operational data.
Redundancies and inconsistencies can be reduced.In conventional data systems, an organisation often builds a collection of application programs often created by different programmers and requiring different components of the operational data of the organisation. The data in conventional data systems is often not centralised. Some applications may require data to be combined from several systems. These several systems could well have data that is redundant as well as inconsistent (that is, different copies of the same data may have different values). Data inconsistencies are often encoutered in everyday life. For example, we have all come across situations when a new address is communicated to an organisation that we deal with (e.g. a bank, or Telecom, or a gas company), we find that some of the communications from that organisation are recived at the new address while others continue to be mailed to the old address. Combining all the data in a database would involve reduction in redundancy as well as inconsistency. It also is likely to reduce the costs for collection, storage and updating of data.
Flexibility of the system is improved .Changes are often necessary to the contents of data stored in any system. These changes are more easily made in a database than in a conventional system in that these changes do not need to have any impact on application programs.
Standards can be enforced .Since all access to the database must be through the DBMS, standards are easier to enforce. Standards may relate to the naming of the data, the format of the data, the structure of the data etc.Integrity can be improved .Since the data of the organization using a database approach is centralized and would be used by a number of users at a time, it is essential to enforce integrity controls.
Integrity may be compromised in many ways.
EXISTING SYSTEM
The railway reservation system stored data in files.in existing system the data will be maneged using file processing system.In a typical file processing system, each department in an organization has its own set of files.The files are designed specially for their own applocation.the records in one file are not related to the records in sny other file.Disadvantages of File Processing Systems include:
Program-Data Dependence
Program data dependence is a relationship between data in files and program required to update and maintain the files .Application programs are developed according to a particular file format in file processing system. If the format of file is changed the application program also needs to be changed accordingly. For example, if there is a change in the length of postal code, it requires change in the program. The changes may be costly to implement.
Duplication of data
Applications are developed independently in file processing systems leading to unplanned duplicate files. Duplication is wasteful as it requires additional storage space and changes in one file must be made manually in all files. This also results in loss of data integrity. It is also possible that the same data item may have different names in different files, or the same name may be used for different data items in different files.
[b]Limited data sharing[/b]
Each application has its own private files with little opportunity to share data outside their own applications. A requested report may require data from several incompatible files in separate systems.
Lengthy Development Times
There is little opportunity to leverage previous development efforts. Each new application requires the developer to start from scratch by designing new file formats and descriptions
Excessive Program Maintenance
The preceding factors create a heavy program maintenance load.
Inconsistance data
file system approch can also result incosistance means that two files may contain different data of the same student.For example,if the address of a student is changed,it must be changed in both files.There is a possibility that it is changed in the “students” file and not from “library” file.the data becomes incosistance in this situation.
security problems
File processing system does not provide adequate security on data.In some situations it is required to provide different type of access to data for different users.For example,a data entry operator should only be allowed to entry data.The chairman of the organization should be able to access or delte the completely.Such type of security options are not available in file processing system.
Integrity problems
Integrity means reliability and accuracy of data.The stored data must satisfy certain types of consistency constrains.For example Roll no and Marks of students should be numeric value.It is very difficult to apply these constrains on files in file processing system.