25-08-2017, 09:32 PM
Intellectual Property Rights Rising Importance of Intellectual capital
Intellectual Property.ppt (Size: 2.83 MB / Downloads: 37)
Intellectual property Rights: Defined
Intellectual property (IP) is a term referring to a number of distinct types of legal monopolies over creations of the mind, both artistic and commercial, and the corresponding fields of law.
Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs.
Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some jurisdictions.
What led to greater emphasis on IPRs?
Developed countries switching to hi-tech areas (aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, Office equipments, Communication, electrical machinery, scientific instruments), losing/outsourcing labor-intensive and low-tech production areas to low wage countries.
Combined global sales of knowledge-intensive service industries exceeded $12.2 trillion in 2001, up from $5.4 trillion in 1980 and $8 trillion in 1990.
Unprecedented growth of Knowledge Intensive areas such as high-temperature superconductivity, Nano-technology, Molecular and Genetic Engineering. The importance of the contribution of raw materials or other tangible production constituents giving way to value addition through knowledge in determining the competitive edge
Bio-tech R&D cost $200m million and ploughs 45% of its annual income into R&D.
An average expenditure of more than $231 is required to discover, test and secure marketing approval for the new drugs.
The drug development period
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
8.1 Yrs 11.6 Yrs. 14.2 Yrs. 14.9 Yrs.
50% time is invested in the Clinical trials.
Unlike in the past, innovation requires great teamwork and close cooperation from inventors, researchers, process producr and design engineers, marketing, financial and production specialists, sales, advertising and distribution specialists, entrepreneurs and ;lawyers.
Unpatentable Subject Matters
1. Frivolous inventions, claiming something contrary to well established laws.
2. Contrary to law or morality or injurious to public health.
3. Discovery of scientific principles or formulation of abstract theory.
4. Discovery of new property or new use of known substance / mere new use of known process, apparatus, machine excepting if known process yields new product or employs at least one new reactant.
5. Mere admixture of ingredients.
6. Mere arrangement or rearrangement of known devices while each of them is functioning independently.
7. Method of testing during process of manufacture.
8. Method of agriculture / horticulture.
9. Process for medical treatment for human being and similar treatment for plants and animals.
10. Invention relating to Atomic Energy.