25-10-2016, 04:51 PM
Utilization of Copper Slag in Bituminous Concrete with Stone Dust and Fly ash as a Filler Material
1461164656-UtilizationofCopperSlaginBituminousConcretewithStoneDustandFlyashasaFillerMaterial.docx (Size: 1.33 MB / Downloads: 6)
Abstract. Bituminous concrete mix is a mixture of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral fillers and bitumen in suitable proportion to with stand traffic load. Rapid industrialization and large scale infrastructural development in India, has resulted in huge scarcity of construction materials. The copper slag is produced as waste from roasting of copper, it is used as a fine aggregate in the bituminous mix. Fly ash is finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of powdered coal, this fly ash are used as a filler material along with the stone dust or also used as a filler material. In this study an attempt has been made to utilize the industrial waste such as copper slag and fly ash in bituminous concrete to enhance pavement performance. Marshall method of mix design was adopted to find out the optimum bitumen content for control BC mix and BC mix of 10, 20 and 30 % of copper slag with stone dust and fly ash as a filler material. The results indicated that BC mix with 20% of copper slag and stone dust, 30% copper slag and fly ash shows enhanced strength
I. INTRODUCTION
Bituminous concrete is a type of construction material used for paving roads, driveways, and parking lots. It's made from a blend of stone and other forms of aggregate materials joined together by a binding agent. This binding agent is called "bitumen “and is a by-product of petroleum refining. It has a thick, sticky texture like tar when heated, and then forms a dense solid surface once it dries.It is the heaviest fraction of crude oil, the one with highest boiling point (525°C).Various Grades of Bitumen used for pavement purpose: 30/40, 60/70 and80/100. Bituminous concrete is also widely known as asphalt in many parts of the world. a bituminous paving mixture is a mixture of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and bitumen mixed in suitable proportion to result strong and durable mix to withstand traffic load ,Suitable material combinations and modified bituminous binders have been found to result longer life for wearing courses depending upon the percentage of filler and type of fillers used. In India, huge quantity of naturally available materials like soils and aggregates are being utilized for road construction. Rapid industrialization and large scale infrastructural development in India, has resulted in huge scarcity of construction materials. Use of waste materials like copper slag, zinc slag, steel slag, jar fix, Phospho-gypsum, red mud, Kimberlite, lime sludge and coal ash in road construction would definitely solve this problem to an extent and would definitely provide an alternative to conventional materials.Copper slag (CS) was used as a fine aggregate in the design of bituminous mixes like bituminous macadam, dense bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete and semi-dense bituminous concrete. Fly ash is a mineral by-product of coal combustion in thermal power projects. Fly ash of are used as a filler in bituminous concrete
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Havanagi et al (2012) the waste like copper slag, zinc slag, steel slag and pond ash were investigated for their suitability inroad embankment and sub grade layers, while copper slag and zinc slag may be used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate for the construction of sub base, base and bituminous layers.The bulk density of Marshall Samplesvaried in the range 24.4 kN/m3 to 25.6 kN/m3, Marshall Stability value in the range 8.7 KN to 14.7 KN, Flow value in the range 3 mm to 4 mm, % air voids value in the range 4.13 to 7.19 and optimum bitumen content varied in the range 3.4 % to 7.19 %.The amount of replacement varies from 20 to 30 % in WMM mix and 10 - 25 % in the bituminous mixes.
Kajal et al (2007) Study present the use of waste plastic and copper slag in hot bituminous mix to enhance pavement
performance, bituminous mixes were prepared by mixing of graded mineral aggregate and increasing percentage of binder
content 5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5% by wt. of mineral aggregate. Optimum binder content is achieved at 5.2% by weight of mineral
aggregate specimens are also prepared with composition of CS (10, 15, and 20%) replacing stone dust, CS (15%) has been found
best.
Pundhir et al (2005) studied that the copper slag (CS) was used as a fine aggregate (up to 30%) in the design of bituminous
mixes like bituminous macadam, dense bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete and semi-dense bituminous concrete.
Marshall Method of mix Design is adopted in which CS and stone dust as fine Aggregate and hydrated lime as a filler. OBC for
different mixes was found as follows BM, 3.5, DBM, 5.3, BC, 5.9, and SDBC, 5.9%. Addition of CS a fine aggregate in various
bituminous mixes provides good interlocking and eventually improves volumetric and mechanical properties of bituminous
mixes. Because of improved property by the incorporation of copper slag it can be used as a fine aggregate in bituminous
mixes as the substitute of crusher dust as fine aggregate.
Debashish Kar et al (2014) Were Investigated the influence of fly-ash as a filler in bituminous mixes, for comparison, control
mixes with cement and stone dust have also been considered. Marshall Test has been considered for the purpose of mix design as
well as evaluation of paving mixes. Marshall Stability and unit weight increase with bitumen content up to 5% after which these
two parameters decrease.
. Experimental procedure
The aggregates were proportioned and mixed (aggregate and filler contribute to 1200gm). The aggregates were heated to temperature of 1400C-1650C.The bitumen heated to1400C to 1600C was added in required quantity i.e., 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 per cent by weight of aggregates and was thoroughly mixed at a desired temperature of 1550C.The mix was placed in preheated mould of 10.16 cm diameter and 6.35 cm height with a base plate. After levelling the top surface, the mix was compacted by a rammer of 4.54 kg weight and 45.7 cm height of fall with 75 blows on either side at temperature of 1000C-1150C.Three specimens were prepared for different bitumen content (4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0, per cent) by weight of aggregates. Compacted specimens were removed after 24 hours using specimen extractor.The diameter, mean height, weight in air and weight in water of the specimens were noted.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The Following Graphs shows the result the Marshall properties such as Marshall stability, Flow, Bulk Density, volume of voids,
voids in mineral aggregate, voids filled with bitumen. It can be seen that stability value higher for stone as filler than the fly ash and stability goes on decreases as the bitumen content increases.
CONCLUSION
The Marshall stability is higher for the stone dust as a filler material as compared to the fly ash mix. With the addition of the copper slag, to the bitumen mix as a replacement of fine aggregate the stability for the 20%of the copper slag is higher then 10%and 30%.
As the bitumen content increases the flow value increases.
The bulk density increases with the addition of copper slag to the mix due to the fact that the specific gravity of copper slag is high compared to the specific gravity of natural aggregate.
The volume of voids is lower when fly ash is used as the filler material. This is due to the fact that fly ash being too fine having highest surface area fills the voids more effectively.
The voids in the mineral aggregate and void filled with bitumen increases with the increase in the bitumen content.
Due to the use of fly ash and copper slag in the bituminous mix, the disposal problem and the environmental problem can be reduced to certain extent.