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INTRODUCTION:
AI is It the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.
Intelligence:
“the capacity to learn and solve problems” ,in particular,
• the ability to solve novel problems
• the ability to act rationally
• the ability to act like humans
Artificial Intelligence:
– build and understand intelligent entities or agents
– 2 main approaches: “engineering” versus “cognitive modeling”
Goals of AI :
1. To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior,
• learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
2.To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines:
3. Creating systems that
• understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
What’s involved in Intelligence?
• Ability to interact with the real world
– to perceive, understand, and act
– e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis, image understanding., ability to take actions, have an effect
• Reasoning and Planning
– modeling the external world, given input,solving new problems, planning, and making decisions,ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
• Learning and Adaptation
– we are continuously learning and adapting
– our internal models are always being “updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
Different Types of Artificial Intelligence
1.Modeling exactly how humans actually think
2.Modeling exactly how humans actually act
3.Modeling how ideal agents “should think”
4.Modeling how ideal agents “should act”
Programming Without AI:
A computer program without AI can answer the specific questions it is meant to solve. Modification in the program leads to change in its structure. Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the program.
AI and Hollywood Movies:
• In today’s generation, Hollywood movies are mostly about androids, humanoids, and robots.
• Machines going out of control
• Replacing humanity
• World domination
Robotics:
• Robotics continue to evolve from manufacturing, medicine and remote exploration to entertainment, security and personal assistance.
• Robots may be one of the most well known examples of Artificial Intelligence.
• Japan has announced that they will send the first humanoid robots to the moon.
Smart Car:
Speech recognition
Up-to-date information about historical landmarks and points of interest on the car’s rout.
Lowest price gas stations close to the current position of the car.
Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life:
• Post Office-automatic address recognition and sorting of mail
• Banks-automatic check readers, signature verification systems
– automated loan application classification
• Customer Service
– automatic voice recognition
– The Web
– Identifying your age, gender, location, from your Web surfing
– Automated fraud detection
– Digital Cameras
– Automated face detection and focusing
– Computer Games
– Intelligent characters/agents
APPLICATIONS OF AI:
Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, remote sensing, scientific discovery and toys. However, due to the AI effect, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough
Computer science
AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and are no longer considered a part of AI.
Finance
Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation.
Heavy industry
Robots have become common in many industries. They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading. Japan is the leader in using and producing robots in the world. In 1999, 1,700,000 robots were in use worldwide.
Online and telephone customer service[edit]
Artificial intelligence is implemented in that can be seen as on web pages. It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operation and training cost.
Typical problems to which AI methods are applied
• Pattern recognition
• Optical character recognition
• Handwriting recognition
• Speech recognition
• Face recognition
• Artificial Creativity
• Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing
• Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)
• Game theory and Strategic planning
• Game artificial intelligence and Computer game bot
• Natural language processing, Translation and Chatterbots
• Nonlinear control and Robotics
Other fields in which AI methods are implemented
• Artificial life
• Automated reasoning
• Automation
• Biologically inspired computing
• Concept mining
• Data mining
• Knowledge representation
• Semantic Web
• E-mail spam filtering
• Robotics
• Behavior-based robotics
• Cognitive
• Cybernetics
• Developmental robotics (Epigenetic)
• Evolutionary robotics
• Hybrid intelligent system
• Intelligent agent
• Intelligent control
• Litigation