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INTRODUCTION
Urban India today, faces serious challenges of growth and its management. Across
geographies, the issues of urbanization manifest in the form of overcrowding, congestion,
insufficient infrastructure, inadequate service provisioning mainly in terms of drinking water,
sanitation, energy, transport, solid waste management, environmental degradation, and pollution,
etc. These, along with the poor management of rapid growth, affect the socioeconomic
development of the country.
So by using newly and broadly available technique in construction infrastructure town
planning engineer or planner can establish well developed buildings. Which are good in asthetic
safety proof and any disaster free. Public buildings are old in construction such as famous
auditorium markets schools colleges are good in construction but sometimes safety issues are
creates for such kind of view it is necessary to study and built safer public building. Again with
safety there are lot of energy systems are used in public buildings such as lights fuels gas water
etc. Due to urbanization these things are very much required to human beings but these things
are non renewable or pollution making things so it is need to use concept of green buildings used
in the public buildings.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Plan of the building is the assembling and grouping and arranging its component parts in
systematic manner and in proper order. So as to form a meaningful wholesome and
homogeneous body with a comprehensive look out to meet its functional purpose.
Planning of building depends on :
1. Its functional objects and requirements
2. Its component parts, their sizes and relationship between the different rooms
3. Shape of plot, topography
4. Climatic conditions of the place
5. Its location and neighborhood
6. Whether single storeyed or multi-storeyed, detached or semi-detachedor row houses.
Planning of building pre-supposes certain principles. Most of our buildings are constructed as
dwellings and as such the principles providing guidance in the planning of such buildings have
been given here. The basic principles have been enunciated on broad lines only and may be
applied to the problems on its individual merits.
The factors or principles which govern the theory of planning are given below:
1. Aspect
2. Prospect
3. Privacy
4. Furniture requirements
5. Roominess
6. Grouping
7. Circulation
8. Sanitation
9. Flexibility
10. Elegance
11. Economy
12. Practical considerations
Anne Taylor is Professor and Director of The Institute for Environmental Education,
University of New Mexico, and co-founder (with architect George Vlastos) of the School Zone
Institute, a body created in order to combine the curricular and child development goals of
education with the design elements of architecture. In a recent paper she pointed out that the
prime focus of the School Zone model is that the physical setting of the learning environment
does make a difference in, and directly contributes to, a child’s behavior and learning [8].
Planning research focussed on a scenario of greater numbers and intensities of floods as a
consequence of climate change, such that the research plan was strongly influenced by the flood
events of 2011.
The Cyclone Testing Station grew out of the same research group as the Centre for
Disaster Studies in the 1970s and comprises engineers who specialise in wind-loading [9].
A net zero-energy building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly
reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be
supplied with renewable technologies. Despite the excitement over the phrase “zero energy,” we
lack a common definition, or even a common understanding, of what it means. In this paper, we
use a sample of current generation low-energy buildings to explore the concept of zero energy:
what it means, why a clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we have progressed
toward the ZEB goal.
The way the zero energy goal is defined affects the choices designers make to achieve
this goal and whether they can claim success. The ZEB definition can emphasize demand-side or
supply strategies and whether fuel switching and conversion accounting are appropriate to meet a
ZEB goal. Four well-documented definitions—net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, netzero
energy costs, and net-zero energy emissions—are studied; pluses and minuses of each are
discussed. These definitions are applied to a set of low-energy buildings for which extensive
energy data are available. This study shows the design impacts of the definition used for ZEB
and the large difference between definitions. It also looks at sample utility rate structures and
their impact on the zero energy scenarios.[10]
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Building is a structure which consist of walls doors windows roof floor beams column
staircase and many of the structural and non-structural members used for residence commercial
industrial and educational purpose.
3.1 Types of Buildings
• Agricultural buildings
• Educational buildings
• Industrial building
• Commercial building
• Military building
• Parking structure and storage
• Religious building
• Transport building
Among this types of buildings industries commercial complexes schools college’s
hospitals auditoriums are public buildings. "The term 'public building' means any structure,
including exterior parts of such building, such as a porch, exterior platform or steps providing
means of ingress or egress, used in whole or in part as a place of resort, assemblage, lodging,
trade, traffic, occupancy, or use by the public or by 3 or more tenants."
3.2 Site selection criteria of Public Buildings
Grouping: Buildings whose functions are related with each other that should located on
same site.
Foreground: Building should have sufficient foreground for achieving better result.
Parking space: The various PB such as town hall, hospitals have lot of crowding of
peoples due to which it is necessary study parking space around site for construction.
Dependent buildings: These buildings are those whose function are related to each other
such as civic centers art gallery.
Independent buildings: These are the buildings which have to stand alone such as
monumental buildings.
Institutional buildings: Specially consist of school colleges etc.
3.4Principles of Design of Public Buildings
Adequate sites
Approaches
Comprehensive study
Business buildings
Markets
Shops
Fire stations
3.5 Basic parts of public buildings
Sanitary blocks
Circulation
Entrance or Reception
Parking space, garages & cycle stands
Watchmen’s room
Public telephone
Sanitary block:
The sanitary block includes W.C, wash hand basins, urinals. The number required for each
building varies according to requirements. Such as,
Bathroom 1.2m*2.1m
1.5m*2.4m
WC 0.9m*1.2m
1m*1.2m
Urinals 0.9m*0.75m
Passage 0.9-1.5m wide
Circulation: Various units are joined together horizontally by passages, corridors, verandahs.
Passage/corridor: 1-2.5m Verandahs: 1.8-3.5m wide stair: 1.2m width
Lifts: Lifts are provided for quick and efficient vertical circulation. Types of lifts and no. of lift
depends upon the character of one building.
Entrance & Reception: For every PB some space is required for entrance it depends on no. of
persons entering at one time general sizes are 3m*6m, 3.5m*7m, 4m*5m and 8m*10m.
Parking space, Garages & Cycle stands: Open parking space is essential around any type of
building. The area required will depend upon the nature of building & no. of persons visiting the
building. For cars 20sqm/vehicle, motorcycles 3sqm/vehicle, cycles 1.2sqm/cycle area is required.
PLANNING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Never in the history of man, planning has been so much in forefront as it is today.
Without planning nothing succeeds. So we have defense planning at national level, regional
planning, urban and rural planning at the state level so on and so forth to family planning at
domestic level. Our india has so far already implemented its eleventh five year plan for the
development of country in all fields. Planning means pre-thing and pre-arranging things before
an event takes place so as to achieve good results in health, convenience, comfort and happiness
of all livings beings.
We know that schools, colleges ,banks, markets, library, hostels are the public buildings
so let us discuss the planning of these buildings respectively.
4.1 School
School is a place of learning. The national objective of education is to create conductive
environment in school where children are stimulated to go in search of knowledge and develop
their creative abilities. To achieve this, all concerned with education, have to play their
respective roles effectively. The classroom environment has a direct bearing on the development
of personality of children. Its shape, size, flexibility, intensity, ventilation and adaptability to new
teaching aids do influence pupils comprehension irrespective of the teacher’s ability. Therefore
proper planning of school building plays a vital role in imparting meaningful education and in
creating ideal teaching environment.
4.1.1 Site Selection
The school site is the first and foremost educational tool in providing quiet, healthy
and pleasant environment. Its size depends upon the requirement for different activities. The
school site be adequate enough to meet the future needs of the school, i.e., healthy facilities,
physical education requirements, community, cultural and recreational programs, teachers houses
with scope for future expansion. Recommended size of the sites for different education programs
are presented in table 1. Minimum open spaces around the school buildings except for nursery
level shall not be less than 6m wide according to NBC 2005.